Potentialities and prospects for the use of alkaline phosphatases for determining metal ions

Abstract

At present, mineral substances that the human body receives from foodstuffs and water contain seven main macroelements: sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, and sulfur. An additional 15 essential microelements, apart from macroelements, are necessary for the human body. Worthy of mention are iron, a component of hemoglobin and tissue cytochromes; cobalt, a component of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B 12 ); copper, a component of cytochrome oxidase; zinc, a factor in the promoting effect of insulin on the permeability of cell membranes to glucose; molybdenum, a component of xanthine oxidase; manganese, an activator of some enzymatic systems; and others [1]. In the majority of cases, the above microelements enter into the composition of enzymes, hormones, and vitamins and act as catalysts of enzymatic processes [2].A deficiency or excess of macro-and microelements results in serious disruptions of the normal function of the human body; therefore, the correct estimation of their concentrations in biological systems and the control over their concentrations in living organisms is an important task of analytical chemistry and medicine.The use of enzymes of different classes is promising for the diagnosis of a deficiency of macro-and microelements. The following enzymes have been successfully used in chemical analysis: peroxidase from horseradish roots for determining trace amounts of iron(III) [3] and toxic mercury(II) [4]; alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from baker's yeast and pyruvate oxidase for determining zinc [5,6], polyphenol oxidase for determining copper(II) [7,8] and others.In this review, we consider the possibilities of using alkaline phosphatases from different sources for determining metal ions; describe enzymatic procedures for their determination; discuss the approaches to the intentional improvement of the sensitivity and selectivity of determining metal ions; and outline the prospects for the use of alkaline phosphatases of different origin in chemical analysis for determining metal ions in different samples, in particular, in biological samples.It should be noted that the data published over the last thirty years on the effect of metal ions on the catalytic activity of alkaline phosphatases of different origins have not been systematized before. Only the monographs by Boyer [9], Coleman and Gettins [10], Freder [11], and Spiro [12] are worth mentioning. These monographs cover the data published up to 1971 on the sources of alkaline phosphatases, the kinetics and mechanism of their action, thermal stability, and main inhibitors and activators, and the authors systematized them. Methods for determining metal ions using alkaline phosphatases were not discussed in these monographs, which makes this review valid and reasonable.General information about alkaline phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.1) belong to the class of hydrolases and catalyze the alkaline hydrolysis of a great number of different phosphoric acid esters; because of this, they are nonspecific enzymes [11]. The sp...

Application of Alkaline Phosphatases from Different Sources in Pharmaceutical and Clinical Analysis for the Determination of Their Cofactors; Zinc and Magnesium Ions

“…The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP), giving rise to a colored product, a pnitrophenolate ion, at pH 9.8 was used as an indicator reaction for monitoring the catalytic activity of enzymes. According to literature data, 8 this reaction provides high catalytic activity of all the considered alkaline phosphatases.…”

“…8 It is known that intestinal alkaline phosphatases are distinguished by the highest catalytic activity. 2 That is why this isozyme has attracted special attention of those biochemists who are developing procedures for the determination of metal ions.…”

“…These procedures and aspects of their application in the analysis of real samples were discussed in details earlier. [8][9][10] In the present work, we focused on the application of intestinal alkaline phosphatases of animal origin in pharmaceutical and clinical analysis for the determination of zinc and magnesium ions, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase is a metalloenzyme.…”

Environmental responsibilities of livestock feeding using trace mineral supplements

“…Within the organism, trace elements interact with certain biomolecules, thereby maintaining their function ( Fraga, 2005 ). Prominent examples include hemoglobin and alkaline phosphatase, which need to bind iron and zinc ions, respectively ( Muginova et al, 2005 , Camaschella, 2015 ). Therefore, under the terms of physiological deficiency of one or more trace elements metabolic imbalances arise, which foster the development of pathological deficiency diseases.…”