Potential Using of Fat-derived Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Active Disease, and also, in Both Pre- and Post-Periods in COVID-19

Abstract

The whole world is fighting with the COVID-19 pandemic, which traps people home, causing high business and economic losses, and above all, leads to very serious deaths. The lack of a valid, accepted treatment protocol and vaccine that leads to continued treatment searches. Leng et al published their article in the Aging and Disease journal, which demonstrates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used for COVID-19 treatment.Adipose tissue is one of the most important MSCs sources in the body, and adipose derived stromal cells (ADSCs) from adipose tissue are also one of the most valuable components of stromal vascular fraction (SVF). Finally, Gentile and Sterodimas, have also published their article for the potential use of SVF in COVID-19 treatment in Aging and Disease journal. Their publication has been a guide in many ways. Adipose tissuederived stromal cells have three main features: Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and regenerative. Immunomodulator effects are used as a preventive in patients prone to disease; its anti-inflammatory effects may allow them to be used as a therapeutic during active disease period and finally regenerative effects to repair postdisease sequale. Those cells can be obtained not only enzymatically, but also mechanically with very benefits. They can be delivered not only systemically through the IV route but also to the target organ with a carrier. While suggesting any adipose tissue-derived treatment method possibility, the relation of adipose tissue COVID-19 should not be ignored. Because, COVID-19 shows its effect through ACE-2 and adipose tissue is very rich and important tissue in terms of ACE-2.

Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, the Immunological Key Words of Severe COVID-19. Is There a Role for Stem Cell Transplantation?

“…Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) ( Viswanathan et al, 2019 ), are heterogeneously multipotent stem cells that can be isolated from a variety of sources, including umbilical cord, human tissues like bone marrow and adipose tissue (using the stromal vascular fraction – SVF), and menstrual blood ( Blaber et al, 2012 ; Kallmeyer and Pepper, 2015 ; Elgaz et al, 2019 ; Copcu, 2020 ; Gentile and Sterodimas, 2020a , b ; Jeyaraman et al, 2020 ; Juárez-Navarro et al, 2020 ; Lin et al, 2020 ; Barros et al, 2021 ; Gentile, 2021 ; Mazini et al, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2021 ).…”

“…MSC polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype is exacerbated by TLR stimulation elicited by pathogen components, like viral RNA ( Waterman et al, 2010 ). Also, MSCs retain a differentiation potential making them ideal contributors to tissue repair ( Blaber et al, 2012 ; Kallmeyer and Pepper, 2015 ; Elgaz et al, 2019 ; Copcu, 2020 ; Jeyaraman et al, 2020 ; Juárez-Navarro et al, 2020 ; Rogers et al, 2020 ).…”

“…In the context of the possible therapeutic use of MSCs to promote lung regeneration in COVID19, adipose and bone marrow derived MSCs are able to contribute to lung regeneration in animal models, by differentiation into type 2 alveolar epithelial cells and their immunomodulatory potential; in the case of adipose derived MSC, the success of both mechanisms is facilitated by their large availability ( Copcu, 2020 ; Behnke et al, 2020 ; Gentile and Sterodimas, 2020a , b ; Rogers et al, 2020 ). The same regenerative properties are shown by SVF, whose cellular components secrete pro-angiogenetic and immune-modulating mediators ( Gentile and Sterodimas, 2020a , b ; Gentile, 2021 ).…”

Overview of current adipose-derived stem cell (ADSCs) processing involved in therapeutic advancements: flow chart and regulation updates before and after COVID-19

“…However, and with regard to patient security, a special insight should be performed on the presence of COVID-19’s mRNA or derived proteins (protein S) even inactivated within the donor tissues. There are evidences arguing a viral tropism of AT and the presence of ACE2 in adipocytes [ 16 ]. Despite the promising alternative offered by using ADSCs in COVID-19, the relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy mediated by ACE2 receptors and COVID-19 might imbalance their benefit as a potential widespread therapeutic tool.…”

“…Increasing evidences also argue that their immunomodulatory effect is related to their regenerative ability [ 12 ]. Interestingly, MSCs produced molecules with antimicrobial activity reducing pain, making them a promising tool against infections and cytokine storm [ 13 – 16 ]. Moreover, isolated from different origins, MSC-derived exosomes are reported efficient and promising immunomodulators in treating ill COVID-19 patients [ 17 – 28 ].…”