Potential of the fumigant ethanedinitrile to kill the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and other forest pathogens

Abstract

Worldwide forest health continues to be at risk and subject to dangerous forest pests, as trade in many types of commodities, potentially carrying pests, increases in terms of volume, trading partners and destinations. Although trading countries make their best efforts to prevent pest movement and transfers through pest management, legislative actions and regulations, such as those managed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), are required. IPPC develops International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) as guidance documents for trading countries, upon which they build their own national pest management strategies to meet their obligations under the treaty. Some standards are commodity-based and prescriptive regarding how a risky commodity is to be treated and managed, in order to significantly reduce pest risk. A good example is ISPM 15, which sets the standards of management and treatment for wood packaging (IPCC Secretariat, 2019a). Other commoditybased standards include ISPM 36 (Integrated measures for plants for planting), ISPM 38 (International movement of seeds) and ISPM 39 (International movement of wood) (IPCC Secretariat, 2017, 2019b, 2021. All offer guidance for trading countries about the risks associated with the commodity, as well as potential management strategies to prevent pest transfers. ISPM 28 describes the requirements for submission and evaluation of the efficacy data of new treatments for specific pests and commodities and contains annexes of evaluated and adopted phytosanitary treatments for control of regulated

Comparison between the penetration characteristics of methyl bromide and ethanedinitrile through the bark of pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) logs

“…This calculation assumes that the amount of penetration is proportional to the dose applied, which is the case for sorption. 10,30 3 RESULTS…”

“…MB concentrations were increased by 4% before comparative analysis. This calculation assumes that the amount of penetration is proportional to the dose applied, which is the case for sorption 10,30 …”

“…3,4,8 Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a relatively new fumigant that has been confirmed as an efficacious alternative to MB for the treatment of forest products in international trade. 7,9,10 EDN is registered in Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, South Korea, Russia and the Czech Republic (under critical use permit), with approval progressing for several countries (T. Swaminathan, personal communication, 2022). Over the past 10 years, a significant amount of research has been conducted globally on the effectiveness of EDN on insects and pathogens.…”

“…Over the past 10 years, a significant amount of research has been conducted globally on the effectiveness of EDN on insects and pathogens. Key countries where considerable efforts have been undertaken to evaluate the efficaciousness of EDN for forest products include New Zealand, 9,11,12 South Korea, [13][14][15][16] Australia, [17][18][19] Czech Republic, [20][21][22] Canada, 10 USA [23][24][25] and Russia. 26,27 These studies have demonstrated that EDN can control many forest insects and pathogens at commercially viable concentrations.…”

“…[28][29][30] Typically, there is an exponential decay curve following the application of fumigants. The sorption rate of EDN is high, 10,18,29,30 but this does not negatively impact the efficacy of the substance. The relationship between the sorption and penetration of fumigants is not well known, particularly for forest products such as logs.…”