Oak Wilt Fungus (Bretziella fagacearum) Survival in Logs Following Fumigation with Ethanedinitrile

Abstract

The phaseout of methyl bromide (MB) fumigation creates an urgent need for an alternative phytosanitary treatment to limit the risk of international spread of the oak wilt fungus, Bretziella fagacearum. Fumigation with ethanedinitrile (EDN) is considered a potential alternative to MB fumigation to eradicate wood-inhabiting pests and pathogens. We evaluated the efficacy of EDN fumigation by comparing the rate of B. fagacearum isolation before and after fumigation of red oak (Quercus rubra or Quercus ellipsoidalis) log sections from oak wilt–affected trees. Logs (range 15.2 to 98.0 cm long; diameter 9.1 to 46.1 cm) were obtained from red oak trees that were naturally infected (NI) or artificially inoculated (AI) with B. fagacearum. The logs were fumigated for 24, 48, and/or 72 hours with 120 g/m3 EDN. Frequencies of pathogen isolation from the sapwood before treatment were higher for AI logs than for NI logs. EDN treatments greatly reduced the frequency of viable pathogen recovery, but eradication occurred only in experiments using the smallest log diameters (9 to 14 cm). Our results suggest that EDN may have limited penetration in oak logs with intact bark, similar to fumigants currently used on wood products, such as MB and sulfuryl fluoride. Results of future work may help in the understanding of the limitations for consistent and full efficacy of EDN against B. fagacearum in logs harvested from diseased trees.