Potential of aggregated escalator loads in demand response

Abstract

Preface helped to carry on. My deepest gratitude goes to my parents for their unconditional love and support throughout the years. I am also especially grateful to Laura for her love, encouragement and seemingly unlimited patience to listen to my daily gibberish regarding the research.

A machine learning approach to modelling escalator demand response

“…Regarding demand response, article [11] describes the potentials of DR for escalator technology in frequency containment markets by means of speed reduction. Frequency containment markets are the reserve markets that serve as a tool for the transmission system operator to obtain additional resources to deal with sudden disturbances or deviations from the balance between power generation and power consumption.…”

“…Intermittent-operating escalators are equipped with a Variable-Speed Drive (VSD), which enables energy saving during times when there is no passenger flow. Majority of the newly installed escalators are equipped with the VSD and, since most of the power consumption in the escalator is related to overcoming friction [9,10], decreasing the speed of the escalator can provide power reduction [11,12].…”

Vertical Transportation Demand Response: Cost of Lost Customer Hours

“…Intermittent-operating escalators are equipped with a variable-speed drive (VSD), which enables energy saving during times when there is no passenger flow. In this article, we utilize the escalator model used in [6] to create 3000 intermittent-operating escalators. The approach involves creating each escalator separately.…”

“…The DR strategy for VTs consists of curtailing the power consumption of the aggregated appliances. For escalators, the main strategy is reducing the travel speed [6]. Elevator power consumption can be decreased, e.g., by lowering the number of active units in an elevator group, decreasing the travel speed and/or acceleration, increasing the door closing time or using regenerative elevators as virtual storage.…”

Assessing the Applicability of Vertical Transportation in Power System Inertial Support

“…Intermittent-operating escalators are equipped with a Variable Speed Drive (VSD), which enables energy saving during times when there is no passenger flow. This article uses average escalator properties calculated with an internal simulation tool [15] of a large population of escalators (see Table III). The simulation tool input values and the actual power consumption model were based on previous research by [14], [16] and ISO 25745-3 standard [17].…”