Potential metabolic activities of raspberry ketone

Abstract

Novel food and food compounds interventions have attracted a lot of attention nowadays for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Raspberry ketone (RK) is aromatic compound found within red fruits and berries, has been used as an over‐the‐counter product for weight loss. However, actually, the effect of RK on weight loss is still controversial, and the mechanism is largely unknown. Besides, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of RK on the development of other metabolic diseases. In this review, we comprehensively highlighted the synthesis, bioavailability, and metabolism of RK, and summarized the progress made in our understanding of the potential biological activities of RK, including antiobesity, antidiabetes, cardioprotection, and hepatoprotection, as well as their underlying mechanisms. This paper provides a critical overview about the current findings and proposes the future studies in the area of RK on human health. Practical applications Raspberry ketone (RK) has been used for weight control for years, but this effect is controversial considering food intake. Additionally, RK is beneficial for T2DM, liver and heart injury. The underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of RK including accelerating fatty acid oxidation, balancing serum glucose level, anti‐inflammation, antioxidant process, and so on. In this context, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits of RK against many metabolic diseases and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms. We hope our work will be helpful for further researches on RK and improve its public recognition.

Rhododendrol, a reductive metabolite of raspberry ketone, suppresses the differentiation of 3T3‑L1 cells into adipocytes

“…Rhododendrol (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol; ROH) is present in Betula platyphylla and Acer nikoense Maximowicz ( 14 , 15 ). When administered orally to mammals, RK is metabolized via several pathways ( 16 ). ROH, formed by the reduction of the ketone group of RK, is excreted as a major metabolite after a single oral administration in rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits ( 17 ), suggesting that RK is reductively metabolized in the small intestine or liver (first-pass effect) ( Fig.…”

Bioactive components, pharmacological effects, and drug development of traditional herbal medicine Rubus chingii Hu (Fu-Pen-Zi)

“…Studies in cells and rodents have suggested an important role for Raspberry ketone (RK) in hepatic/cardio/gastric protection and as an anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity via mediating activation of PPAR-α ( 84 ). RK has been used as an over-the-counter weight loss product, but it is still controversial, and the mechanism is still unknown.…”

Physicochemical Properties of 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (“Raspberry Ketone”) Evaluated Using a Computational Chemistry Approach

“…Raspberry ketone (RK), 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one, is a product of the phenylpropanoid pathway in various plants including raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) where it serves as an attractant for pollinators and fruit flies . It was mainly used in the food and fragrance industry until it was popularized as having a positive effect on weight loss . Since then, it has been included in a range of nutraceuticals aimed at the weight loss market.…”

“… 1 It was mainly used in the food and fragrance industry until it was popularized as having a positive effect on weight loss. 2 Since then, it has been included in a range of nutraceuticals aimed at the weight loss market. Due to the low levels of RK present in plant sources, the majority of commercial RK is synthetic and can therefore only be marketed as a “nature identical” ingredient.…”