Potential hazards to animals and man from microorganisms in fodders and grain

Lacey, J.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(75)80001-5

Cited by 78 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Hygrophilic and heat-tol erant species, such as Aspergillus fumigatus which causes respiratory troubles and could produce gliotoxin, and Stachybotrys atra producing satratoxins G and H which causes stachybotryotoxicosis, both predominate in hay harvested and stored in humid conditions. Numerous highly toxinogenic species of Aspergillus and Penicillium have been detected in damp hay and straw [9,38,40,57] as well as Fusarium spp. that produce ZEN [82].…”

Section: Moulds and Mycotoxins In Foddermentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

2002

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-Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites secreted by moulds, mostly belonging to the three genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They are produced in cereal grains as well as forages before, during and after harvest, in various environmental conditions. Due to the diversity of their toxic effects and their synergetic properties, mycotoxins are considered as risky to the consumers of contaminated foods. Mycotoxin metabolism is complex and involves pathways of bioactivation and detoxification in both humans and animals. Detoxification occurs via biotransformation mediated by enzymes in the host cells and in the digestive microbial flora. Some of the toxins or their metabolites may become fixed in animal or human tissues. However, most are eliminated in the urine, faeces and milk. In animals, toxicity is generally revealed as chronic minor troubles and only rarely causes death. The presence of mycotoxins in feeds may decrease feed intake and affect animal performance. In addition, the possible presence of toxic residues in edible animal products (milk, meat, offal), may have some detrimental effects on human health. Maximum acceptable doses in feeds and milk have been set for certain mycotoxins by international authorities. The potential risks of mycotoxins may be controlled by checking plant material for fungal contamination, by improving methods of cultivation, harvest and storage, by eliminating or diluting toxins from the contaminated food or feeds, and by using adsorbents to reduce the bioavailability of toxins in the digestive tracts of animals. These measures will be assessed in the present paper. (0)4 73 63 46 59; e-mail: jouany@clermont.inra.fr présent dans le tube digestif. Certaines des toxines ou de leurs métabolites peuvent être fixés dans les tissus animaux ou humains. Cependant, la majorité est éliminée dans l'urine, dans les fèces et dans le lait. La toxicité se manifeste généralement sous forme de troubles chroniques difficiles à identifier, et rarement par la mort de l'animal. La présence de mycotoxines dans les aliments diminue la plupart du temps les quantités d'aliments ingérés ainsi que les performances zootechniques des animaux. La présence de résidus toxiques dans les produits animaux destinés à la consommation humaine (lait, viande, abats) constitue un risque potentiel qu'il est nécessaire d'évaluer pour mieux répondre à la demande sociétale de sécurité dans la chaîne alimentaire. Des doses acceptables devront être définies pour les toxines les plus dangereuses. En parallèle, des moyens de contrôle devront être mis en place pour vérifier l'innocuité des produits alimentaires mis sur le marché. Le risque potentiel des mycotoxines peut être diminué en évitant la contamination des plantes par les moisissures au moment de leur culture, de leur récolte et de leur conservation. Il est également possible de réduire la concentration en toxines des plantes contaminées par dilution avec des aliments sains et par des traitements appropriés, et (ou) de limiter la biodisponibilité des myc...

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Section: Moulds and Mycotoxins In Foddermentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

2002

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“…The greatest diversity of fungal genera in forage can be related to the moisture content [20]. Was observed abundance of fungi in soil-derived material and air that was dead or senescent, developing specifically in native grasses on saproling form [21]. Considering the presence of saprophytic genera in this environment, authors described that the presence of fungi in forages can be related to parasitism, reflecting diseases or saprophytism on plant [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of Filamentous Fungi for the Biocontrol of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus in Tropical Regions

Abrão¹

2017

JDVAR

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Rhipicephalus microplus is an ectoparasite that causes significant losses to livestock due to spoliation of cattle and the high cost of current control techniques. The control of this parasite is chemically accomplished, but the incorrect use of this method is causing resistance in this species. An alternative to control would be the use of fungi, as they do not need to be ingested by the host, being only necessary to have contact with the target such that it can grow and colonize. Thus, the present study aimed to isolate, identify and select efficient fungal strains in the biological control of Rhipicephalus microplus in tropical weather, such as found in Brazil. Soil and Brachiaria brizantha forage samplings were carried out for isolation, quantification and identification of fungal species. Engaged females of R. microplus were collected for the bioassay of colonization rate, hatchability of eggs and production of mycotoxins. A total of 2x10 -3 CFU g -1 fungi were found and five genera were identified. Aspergillus spp. was the most frequent genus amidst the isolates obtained from both environments. The forage presented a greater amount of fungal colonies.g -1 when compared to the soil. We identified entomopathogenic, saprophytic, pathogenic and keratinophilic species with biotechnological potential as well as for use for biological control. Aspergillus was the most prevalent genus in both soil and forage of tropical regions. Elevated fungal variety was observed in the ecosystems we studied. Metarhizium anisopliae efficiently colonized the parasites in an 80% rate, and differed from other treatments (p< 0.01). These study open doors for investigations concerning the evaluation of other fungi colony counting's, forms of manipulation and other bioassays.Keywords: Dairy cattle; Tick; Biological control; In vitro tests; Microbiology; R. microplus; Rhipicephalus microplus; Aspergillus IntroductionTicks are ectoparasites characterized mainly by blood feeding, independently of family, genus or species [1], and the species Rhipicephalus microplus causes substantial losses for beef and milk cattle due to spoliation of cattle and the high cost of current control techniques [2][3][4]. These parasites have a lifecycle in the host and another in the pasture, and only females fill with blood, after they release themselves from the host and fall to the ground, where they seek a dark and humid place, suitable to lay their eggs [5]. The weather conditions in Brazil contribute to the development of the ectoparasite, allowing ticks populations to be virtually established in the entire country [6]. The chemical control is currently the preferred for the combat of ticks; however, the incorrect use of this method favors the occurrence of multiple or cross resistance [7,8]. In addition, the permanence of residues in animals and their products, thereby, alternatives to the control of this parasite are highly relevant [9].There are several natural enemies that contribute to the control of this parasite in the host or in the soi...

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“…Growth temperature determinations showed six of these to be true thermophiles as defined by Cooney & Emerson (1964) while the others are thermotolerant. With the exception of Mucor pusillus, all the thermotolerant species had a higher occurrence at 45" C while the thermophilic varieties were readily obtained at 50 OC, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor pusillus and Thermoascus aurantiacus are known human pathogens (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1973;Cooney & Emerson, 1964;Lacey, 1975;Tansey, 1975). The presence of these pathogens in poultry droppings is an indication of the potential health risks posed to poultry by infrequent removal of their droppings as they accumulate below the cages.…”

Section: R E S U L T S a N D Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi, as defined by Cooney & Emerson (1964), play important roles in animal mycoses (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1973;Cooney & Emerson, 1964;Lacey, 1975;Tansey, 1975) and in biodeterioration of composting plant materials leading to recycling of essential nutrients in nature (Cooney & Emerson, 1964;Chang & Hudson, 1967). They are particularly important at the peak heating periods of composting when high temperatures due to microbial activities become lethal to most other forms of life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermophilic and Thermotolerant Fungi in Poultry Droppings in Nigeria

Ogundero¹

1979

Journal of General Microbiology

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Ten species of fungi were obtained from poultry droppings in Nigeria. Six of these are true thermophiles while the other four are thermotolerant. Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Mucor pusillus Lindt and Thermoascus aurantiacus Stolk are known human pathogens. Except for M. pusillus, all the thermotolerant species had a higher occurrence at 45 "C while the thermophilic varieties were readily obtained at 50 "C. 1967). They are particularly important at the peak heating periods of composting when high temperatures due to microbial activities become lethal to most other forms of life. I N T R O D U C T I O NSince thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi are associated with various fungal diseases of farm animals, the object of this study was to examine poultry droppings for the presence of such fungi. METHODSRandom samples of poultry droppings (approx 20 g per sample) were collected from poultry farms in 15 locations in the south western states of Nigeria. A mean moisture content of 35 % and pH of 6.9 were recorded for a mixture of the samples at the time of collection. Temperatures in the range of 30 to 45 "C were regularly recorded at the sites of collection.Malt yeast extract agar (malt extract, 20 g; yeast extract, 2.5 g; NaN03, 0.2 g; KCl, 0-05 g; sodium glycerophosphate, 0.05 g; KzS04, 0.03 g; FeS0,.7Hz0, 0.01 g ; agar, 15 g; distilled water, lo00 ml) containing 4Opg streptomycin sulphate ml-l was dispensed into Petri dishes at 25 mI per plate. One gram of each dried sample (45 "C for 24 h) was sprinkled on each of 12 Petri dishes; half of these were incubated at 45 "C and the other half at 50 "C to isolate thermotolerant and thermophilic species, respectively. All the plates were examined daily for fungal growth and isolations were made from them. The frequency of occurrence of each fungal colony per sample and at each temperature was also determined.

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Potential hazards to animals and man from microorganisms in fodders and grain

Cited by 78 publications

References 48 publications

Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review

Selection of Filamentous Fungi for the Biocontrol of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus in Tropical Regions

Thermophilic and Thermotolerant Fungi in Poultry Droppings in Nigeria

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