Potential Functions of the BMP Family in Bone, Obesity, and Glucose Metabolism

Abstract

Characteristic bone metabolism was observed in obesity and diabetes with controversial conclusions. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity may manifest increased bone mineral density. Also, obesity is more easily to occur in T2DM. Therefore, we infer that some factors may be linked to bone and obesity as well as glucose metabolism, which regulate all of them. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), belonging to the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) beta superfamily, regulate a diverse array of cellular functions during development and in the adult. More and more studies revealed that there exists a relationship between bone metabolism and obesity as well as glucose metabolism. BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and BMP9 have been shown to affect the pathophysiological process of obesity and glucose metabolism beyond bone metabolism. They may exert functions in adipogenesis and differentiation as well as insulin resistance. In the review, we summarize the literature on these BMPs and their association with metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.

Repair of Large-Scale Rib Defects Based on Steel-Reinforced Concrete-Designed Biomimetic 3D-Printed Scaffolds with Bone-Mineralized Microenvironments

“…The results showed that the signaling pathways related to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, such as JAK-STAT and Rap1 signaling pathways, were significantly activated, − strongly supporting the idea that OIS plays a regulatory role on the viability and function of BMSCs. Meanwhile, mineralization and osteogenic differentiation-related genes (such as FGF1 , FGF23 , and BMP6 ) as well as their corresponding signaling pathways (such as MAPK and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction) were significantly upregulated. − Furthermore, angiogenesis-related genes (such as VEGFR1 and WNT5A ) as well as their corresponding signaling pathways (such as HIF-1) were significantly upregulated, − which might be attributed to the addition of magnesium phosphate, zinc phosphate, and calcium silicate. − In addition, ECM restructuring-related pathways (such as osteoclast differentiation) were also significantly activated, suggesting that OIS could regulate the structural remodeling of the regenerated bone. Although further experiments are required for in-depth confirmation, the results of this study imply that the regulatory roles of OIS on bone regeneration result from the synergistic action of various factors, including enhancing adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, promoting mineralization and angiogenesis, and remodeling the ECM structure, which provided reasonable explanations for why the regenerated bone in the sPG group was obviously superior to that in the control group.…”

Early Mid-pregnancy Blood-Based Proteins as Possible Biomarkers of Increased Infant Birth Size in Sex-Stratified Analyses

“…The growth factor GDF-2 was positively associated with birth weight among female infants. GDF-2 is produced by the liver and maintains vascular quiescence, promotes osteogenesis, and is associated with improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity [ 56 , 57 ]. GDF-2 has been suggested as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease since its levels are lower in individuals with essential hypertension and coronary heart disease compared with controls [ 58 ].…”

Comparison of osteogenesis of bovine bone xenografts between true bone ceramics and decalcified bone matrix

“…With BMP-2-loaded collagen as the control, demineralized bone matrix was not capable of a 4 mm femur defect reconstruction, however, BMP-2 was able to achieve it [ 19 ]. Moreover, high BMP-2 doses could prevent bone overgrowth and ectopic bone formation in a negative feedback loop through the Wnt signaling pathway to guarantee the safety [ 43 ].…”