Potential for dehydration to impact the athlete biological passport

Coffman, Kirsten E.; Mitchell, Katherine; Salgado, Roy M.; Miller, Geoffrey D.; Kenefick, Robert W.; Cheuvront, Samuel N.

doi:10.1002/dta.2811

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Both (Hb) or hematocrit Hct, when considered too high, have been used to apply “No-Start” rules by international federations such as the International Ski Federation (FIS) and the UCI (Saugy and Leuenberger, 2020 ). Exposure to extreme environments (e.g., hot or hypoxic) may also alter PV and (Hb) (Sawka et al, 2000 ; Stanley et al, 2015 ; Lobigs et al, 2018a ; Young et al, 2019 ; Coffman et al, 2020 ). Further, in competitions over several days (e.g., elite cycling stage races), variations observed in ABP profiles were shown to relate to the repeated strenuous exercise and altitude exposure (Schumacher et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Training Load on Hematological Athlete Biological Passport Variables in Elite Cyclists

Astolfi

Roten

Kayser

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is used in elite sport for antidoping purposes. Its aim is to better target athletes for testing and to indirectly detect blood doping. The ABP allows to monitor hematological variations in athletes using selected primary blood biomarkers [hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and reticulocyte percentage (Ret%)] with an adaptive Bayesian model to set individual upper and lower limits. If values fall outside the individual limits, an athlete may be further targeted and ultimately sanctioned. Since (Hb) varies with plasma volume (PV) fluctuations, possibly caused by training load changes, we investigated the putative influence of acute and chronic training load changes on the ABP variables. Monthly blood samples were collected over one year in 10 male elite cyclists (25.6 ± 3.4 years, 181 ± 4 cm, 71.3 ± 4.9 kg, 6.7 ± 0.8 W.kg−1 5-min maximal power output) to calculate individual ABP profiles and monitor hematological variables. Total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and PV were additionally measured by carbon monoxide rebreathing. Acute and chronic training loads–respectively 5 and 42 days before sampling–were calculated considering duration and intensity (training stress score, TSSTM). (Hb) averaged 14.2 ± 0.0 (mean ± SD) g.dL−1 (range: 13.3–15.5 g·dl−1) over the study with significant changes over time (P = 0.004). Hbmass was 1030 ± 87 g (range: 842–1116 g) with no significant variations over time (P = 0.118), whereas PV was 4309 ± 350 mL (range: 3,688–4,751 mL) with a time-effect observed over the study time (P = 0.014). Higher acute–but not chronic—training loads were associated with significantly decreased (Hb) (P <0.001). Although individual hematological variations were observed, all ABP variables remained within the individually calculated limits. Our results support that acute training load variations significantly affect (Hb), likely due to short-term PV fluctuations, underlining the importance of considering training load when interpreting individual ABP variations for anti-doping purposes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Training Load on Hematological Athlete Biological Passport Variables in Elite Cyclists

Astolfi

Roten

Kayser

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…Of note, the magnitude and duration of response differed a lot between study subjects (Figure S1). It is already known that the hydration status can influence HGB and OFFS levels, 69,70 which could be the reason for the noted inter‐individual differences, as the fluid intake of the study population was not controlled. However, inter‐individual as well as intra‐individual differences in the levels of hematological variables were also recognized by others, 71,72 indicating the putative presence of low‐responders, high‐responders and even non‐responders to ABT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the trail of blood doping—microRNA fingerprints to monitor autologous blood transfusions in vivo

Mussack

Wittmann²,

Pfaffl

2021

American J Hematol

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Autologous blood doping refers to the illegal re‐transfusion of any quantities of blood or blood components with blood donor and recipient being the same person. The re‐transfusion of stored erythrocyte concentrates is particularly attractive to high‐performance athletes as this practice improves their oxygen capacity excessively. However, there is still no reliable detection method available. Analyzing circulating microRNA profiles of human subjects that underwent monitored autologous blood transfusions seems to be a highly promising approach to develop novel biomarkers for autologous blood doping. In this exploratory study, we randomly divided 30 healthy males into two different treatment groups and one control group and sampled whole blood at several time points at baseline, after whole blood donation and after transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates. Hematological variables were recorded and analyzed following the adaptive model of the Athlete Biological Passport. microRNA profiles were examined by small RNA sequencing and comprehensive multivariate data analyses, revealing microRNA fingerprints that reflect the sampling time point and transfusion volume. Neither individual microRNAs nor a signature of transfusion‐dependent microRNAs reached superior sensitivity at 100% specificity compared to the Athlete Biological Passport (≤11% 6 h after transfusion versus ≤44% 2 days after transfusion). However, the window of autologous blood doping detection was different. Due to the heterogenous nature of doping, with athletes frequently combining multiple medications in order to both gain a competitive advantage and interfere with known testing methods, the true applicability of the molecular signature remains to be validated in real anti‐doping testings.

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“…Consequently, a seated position for 5–10 min is recommended to obtain ABP data exempt from activity‐ or supine‐induced plasma volume (PV) shifts 181 . Studies on the potential influence of the menstrual cycle on ABP parameters indicated merely negligible effects 182 ; hyperhydration was shown to have no impact on ABP readings 183 ; and likewise, exercise‐induced sweating dehydration with an average loss of up to 3.1% of body mass was reported to have no effect on [Hb] during ABP testing, 184 demonstrating the robustness of the hematological module. However, dehydration due to medical conditions such as, for example, secretory diarrhea (as simulated by the administration of diuretic drugs) was found to result in highly abnormal ABP profiles and needs consideration in ABP profile interpretations.…”

Section: Manipulation Of Blood and Blood Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[Hb] during ABP testing, 184 and blood parameter correlations are automatically evaluated for the existence of meaningful trends, resulting in a single HP Ix score, which was shown to allow for true-positive and false-positive result rates of ≥98% and <0.9%, respectively, in a proof-of-principle study. 191 Increasing the testing frequency and, thus, reducing the time intervals between doping controls, particularly concerning blood doping practices, was shown to be supported by DBS-based tests in general 192 and also specifically when focusing on biomarkers…”

Section: Manipulation Of Blood and Blood Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual banned‐substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020

Thevis

Kuuranne

Geyer

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Analytical chemistry-based research in sports drug testing has been a dynamic endeavor for several decades, with technology-driven innovations continuously contributing to significant improvements in various regards including analytical sensitivity, comprehensiveness of target analytes, differentiation of natural/ endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds, assessment of alternative matrices for doping control purposes, and so forth. The resulting breadth of tools being investigated and developed by anti-doping researchers has allowed to substantially improve anti-doping programs and data interpretation in general. Additionally, these outcomes have been an extremely valuable pledge for routine doping controls during the unprecedented global health crisis that severely affected established sports drug testing strategies. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in antidoping published between October 2019 and September 2020 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2020 Prohibited List.

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Potential for dehydration to impact the athlete biological passport

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

The Influence of Training Load on Hematological Athlete Biological Passport Variables in Elite Cyclists

The Influence of Training Load on Hematological Athlete Biological Passport Variables in Elite Cyclists

On the trail of blood doping—microRNA fingerprints to monitor autologous blood transfusions in vivo

Annual banned‐substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020

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