“…The recalcitrant nature of these materials is primarily attributed to their lignin content and structure. Various pretreatment methods have been proposed to address the lignin-derived recalcitrance, including those with dignifying properties such as sulfites, organosolv, and ionic liquids, as well as acid and alkali pretreatments [9][10][11][12]. Several modern studies related to MW, solvent, acid, and alkaline biomass pretreatment.…”
There are numerous methods to enhance the quality of cellulose for efficient and sustainable fuel production, the acid and alkaline pretreatment methods have become increasingly popular due to their accessibility and affordability. These methods are typically used to eliminate lignin, disrupt the cellulose crystalline structure, and reduce its rigidity. This study focuses on the use of pretreatment with four different types of acids (Hydrochloric Acid, Phosphoric Acid, Acetic Acid, and Sulfuric Acid) and four types of alkaline (Calcium Hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide, and Ammonium Hydroxide) were used to soak the used tea waste powder as a raw material under microwave-assisted pretreatment. The effectiveness of acid and alkaline pretreatment methods under microwave heating on used tea waste powder was evaluated through infrared analysis. The experiments were conducted at varying microwave temperatures (100–200 °C), reaction times (2–7 min), and with a 2 g doses of used tea waste powder in 100 mL of diluted acid, and 5% of alkaline solution. The weight loss of liquid and solid samples after acid and alkaline pretreatment under the aid of microwave pretreatment were calculated. FTIR analysis results showed a significant improvement in the characteristics of the treated samples compared to the untreated used tea waste powder.
“…The recalcitrant nature of these materials is primarily attributed to their lignin content and structure. Various pretreatment methods have been proposed to address the lignin-derived recalcitrance, including those with dignifying properties such as sulfites, organosolv, and ionic liquids, as well as acid and alkali pretreatments [9][10][11][12]. Several modern studies related to MW, solvent, acid, and alkaline biomass pretreatment.…”
There are numerous methods to enhance the quality of cellulose for efficient and sustainable fuel production, the acid and alkaline pretreatment methods have become increasingly popular due to their accessibility and affordability. These methods are typically used to eliminate lignin, disrupt the cellulose crystalline structure, and reduce its rigidity. This study focuses on the use of pretreatment with four different types of acids (Hydrochloric Acid, Phosphoric Acid, Acetic Acid, and Sulfuric Acid) and four types of alkaline (Calcium Hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide, and Ammonium Hydroxide) were used to soak the used tea waste powder as a raw material under microwave-assisted pretreatment. The effectiveness of acid and alkaline pretreatment methods under microwave heating on used tea waste powder was evaluated through infrared analysis. The experiments were conducted at varying microwave temperatures (100–200 °C), reaction times (2–7 min), and with a 2 g doses of used tea waste powder in 100 mL of diluted acid, and 5% of alkaline solution. The weight loss of liquid and solid samples after acid and alkaline pretreatment under the aid of microwave pretreatment were calculated. FTIR analysis results showed a significant improvement in the characteristics of the treated samples compared to the untreated used tea waste powder.
Hem sektörel hem de evsel kullanımlarla açığa çıkan tarım ve gıda atıkları besin zincirinin en önemli atıklarındandır. Tüm dünyada değerli özelliklere sahip bu atıklar doğrudan çöp alanlarına atılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, atık olarak çöpe atılan yer fıstığı kabukları toz formda Reaktif Sarı 145’in sentetik çözeltiden giderimi amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Değerlendirme için, sabit karıştırma hızı (150±5 rpm) ve 10±3 mg/L Reaktif Sarı 145 dozunda; pH, temas süresi, fıstık kabuğu dozu ve sıcaklık faktörlerinin etkileri incelenmiştir. Fıstık kabuğunun yapısı ve yüzey kimyası FTIR, pHZPC, ve SEM ile ortaya konulmuştur. FTIR pikleri, fıstık kabuğu yüzeyi üzerinde Reaktif Sarı 145’in tutunabildiğini gösteren spesifik fonksiyonel grupların varlığını ispatlamıştır. Fıstık kabuğu yüzeyindeki gözenekli yapının Reaktif Sarı 145 giderimi için avantajlı olduğu görülmüştür. Optimum şartlarda (Fıstık kabuğu dozu: 0,5 g, pH: 2,0, süre: 30 dakika, sıcaklık: 20 oC) Fıstık kabuğu için yaklaşık %75 Reaktif Sarı 145 verimi elde edilmiştir. Fizisorpsiyonun ön planda olduğu ve tek katmanlı adsorpsiyonun gerçekleştiği sürecin Langmuir ve yalancı ikinci derece modellerine uyduğu görülmektedir. Termodinamik verileri sürecin kendiliğinden ve endotermik gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi Reaktif Sarı 145 için 9,438 mg/g olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, fıstık kabuğunun, Reaktif Sarı 145 giderimi için hem umut verici hem de alternatif çevre dostu bir adsorbent olduğunu desteklemektedir.
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