Potential dietary exposure to p -nonylphenol from food-contact use of tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite (TNPP)

Howe, Susan R.; SURANA, P. M.; Jakupca, Michael R.; Borodinsky, Lester

doi:10.1080/02652030110050320

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TPeTPhPi, PeBTPhPi, and TePeTPhPi in the environmental literature; TPeTPhPi has been recorded in both PubChem and in the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard, while PeBTPhPi and TePeTPhPi have only been recorded in PubChem. Considering that only TNPPi, TDtBPPi, and BDtBPPDPi have been previously found in FCMs, 29,30,35 these findings enhance our understanding on the diversity of OPAs in FCMs.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Discovery of 18 Organophosphate Esters and 3 Organophosphite Antioxidants in Food Contact Materials Using Suspect and Nontarget Screening: Implications for Human Exposure

Wang

Xiao

Yuan

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In this study of extracts of 100 food contact material (FCM) samples collected from South China, we identified 21 organophosphate esters (OPEs) by suspect screening and seven novel OPEs by characteristic fragments-based nontarget screening. Six organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) were further identified using a suspect list derived from these identified OPEs. Of these compounds, 18 OPEs and 3 OPAs were found for the first time in the extracts of FCMs. (Semi-)quantification revealed that seven of the OPEs [triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) methyl phosphate, (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol phosphate, triethyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate, and trimethyl phosphate] and two of the OPAs [tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (TDtBPPi) and pentabutylated triphenyl phosphite] were present in more than 50 FCM samples and that TDtBPP and TDtBPPi were the dominant OPE and OPA in FCMs, respectively [with median concentrations of 7260 ng/g (range: <8.50–103,879 ng/g) and 31,920 ng/g (range: <9.80–657,399 ng/g), respectively]. A migration test revealed that the migration efficiencies of compounds from a plastic coffee cup to food simulants in the cup increased as the ethanol/water ratio in the food simulants increased. This study significantly enhanced our understanding on the diversity and occurrences of OPEs and OPAs in FCMs used in China and their FCM-to-food migration risk.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Discovery of 18 Organophosphate Esters and 3 Organophosphite Antioxidants in Food Contact Materials Using Suspect and Nontarget Screening: Implications for Human Exposure

Wang

Xiao

Yuan

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The diffusion studies of NP have focused on PVC and polyethylene (PE) containers (Kawamura et al, 2000;Howe et al, 2001). However, the presence of NP and OP has also been investigated in drinking water packaged in PET, although the use of TNPP is not known to be used for the production of PET bottles.…”

Section: Alkylphenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: A source of controversy reviewed

et al. 2012

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A declaration of conformity according to European regulation No. 10/2011 is required to ensure the safety of plastic materials in contact with foodstuffs. This regulation established a positive list of substances that are authorized for use in plastic materials. Some compounds are subject to restrictions and/or specifications according to their toxicological data. Despite this, the analysis of PET reveals some non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) produced by authorized initial reactants and additives. Genotoxic and estrogenic activities in PET-bottled water have been reported. Chemical mixtures in bottled water have been suggested as the source of these toxicological effects. Furthermore, sample preparation techniques, such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), to extract estrogen-like compounds in bottled water are controversial. It has been suggested that inappropriate extraction methods and sample treatment may result in false-negative or positive responses when testing water extracts in bioassays. There is therefore a need to combine chemical analysis with bioassays to carry out hazard assessments. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and antimony are clearly related to migration from PET into water. However, several studies have shown other theoretically unexpected substances in bottled water. The origin of these compounds has not been clearly established (PET container, cap-sealing resins, background contamination, water processing steps, NIAS, recycled PET, etc.). Here, we surveyed toxicological studies on PET-bottled water and chemical compounds that may be present therein. Our literature review shows that contradictory results for PET-bottled water have been reported, and differences can be explained by the wide variety of analytical methods, bioassays and exposure conditions employed.

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“…4-Nonylphenol (NP) is one degradation product of NPEOs (Naylor et al, 1992) and a by-product of an anti-oxidant stabilizer in plastic products; as such, it can leach from plastics (Howe et al, 2001). As NP is very stable, it persists in the environment as evidenced by its presence in aquatic sediment and in rivers and lakes (Naylor et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunosuppressive effects of triclosan, nonylphenol, and DDT on human natural killer cellsin vitro

Udoji

Martin

Etherton

et al. 2010

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Human natural killer (NK) cells are a first line immune defense against tumor cells and virally infected cells. If their function is impaired, it leaves an individual more susceptible to cancer development or viral infection. The ability of compounds that contaminate the environment to suppress the function of NK cells could contribute to increased risk of cancer development. There are a wide spectrum of compounds that significantly contaminate water and food that is consumed by humans leading to accumulation of some of these compounds in human tissues. In the current study, we examined the ability of three such compounds to diminish the function of human NK cells. Triclosan (TC) is an antimicrobial agent used in a large number of antibacterial soaps. Nonylphenol (NP) is a degradation product of compounds used as surfactants and as stabilizers in plastics. 4, 4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a pesticide that is mainly used to control mosquitoes. The compounds were examined for their ability to suppress NK function following exposures of 1 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 6 d. Each agent was able to substantially decrease NK lytic function within 24 hr. At a concentration of 5 μM, both TC and NP inhibited NK lytic function by 87 and 30%, respectively; DDT decreased function by 55% at 2.5 μM. The negative effects of each of these compounds persisted and/or intensified following a brief (1 hr) exposure to the compounds, indicating that the impairment of function cannot be eliminated by removal of the compound under in vitro conditions.

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Potential dietary exposure to p -nonylphenol from food-contact use of tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite (TNPP)

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Discovery of 18 Organophosphate Esters and 3 Organophosphite Antioxidants in Food Contact Materials Using Suspect and Nontarget Screening: Implications for Human Exposure

Discovery of 18 Organophosphate Esters and 3 Organophosphite Antioxidants in Food Contact Materials Using Suspect and Nontarget Screening: Implications for Human Exposure

Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: A source of controversy reviewed

Immunosuppressive effects of triclosan, nonylphenol, and DDT on human natural killer cellsin vitro

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