Abstract:RESUMOIntrodução: A perspectiva do nado atado constituir um contexto válido para a avaliação aeróbia de nadadores foi investigada no presente estudo. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre a potência em máxima fase estável de lactato no nado atado (P AtadaMFEL ) com seu respectivo índice em nado desimpedido (velocidade em MFEL, v MFEL ) e com outros índices da aptidão aeróbia e desempenho de nado crawl. Métodos: Dez nadadores (16,6 ± 1,4 anos) foram submetidos às estimativas de: (a) P AtadoCrítica (transformação d… Show more
“…Moreover, these conversions revealed that, except for rowing, all other exercise modalities exhibited similar m CP 2 MLSS % effects when expressed in terms of power output. Hence, from a practical standpoint, if a speed comparison is of interest, the effects of swimming, rowing, and kayaking should be divided by 3 (67,113).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, these conversions revealed that, except for rowing, all other exercise modalities exhibited similar μCP−MLSS% effects when expressed in terms of power output. Hence, from a practical standpoint, if a speed comparison is of interest, the effects of swimming, rowing, and kayaking should be divided by 3 (67,113).
Practical Applications
This review study no longer provides a definitive solution to the heated debates in the literature regarding the most reliable threshold for heavy-severe exercise intensities.…”
Borszcz, FK, de Aguiar, RA, Costa, VP, Denadai, BS, and de Lucas, RD. Agreement between maximal lactate steady state and critical power in different sports: A systematic review and Bayesian's meta-regression. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e320–e339, 2024—This study aimed to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-regression to determine the level of agreement between maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and critical power (CP). Considered eligible to include were peer-reviewed and “gray literature” studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages in cyclical exercises. The last search was made on March 24, 2022, on PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The study's quality was evaluated using 4 criteria adapted from the COSMIN tool. The level of agreement was examined by 2 separate meta-regressions modeled under Bayesian’s methods, the first for the mean differences and the second for the SD of differences. The searches yielded 455 studies, of which 36 studies were included. Quality scale revealed detailed methods and small samples used and that some studies lacked inclusion/exclusion criteria reporting. For MLSS and CP comparison, likely (i.e., coefficients with high probabilities) covariates that change the mean difference were the MLSS time frame and delta criteria of blood lactate concentration, MLSS number and duration of pauses, CP longest predictive trial duration, CP type of predictive trials, CP model fitting parameters, and exercise modality. Covariates for SD of the differences were the subject's maximal oxygen uptake, CP's longest predictive trial duration, and exercise modality. Traditional MLSS protocol and CP from 2- to 15-minute trials do not reflect equivalent exercise intensity levels; the proximity between MLSS and CP measures can differ depending on test design, and both MLSS and CP have inherent limitations. Therefore, comparisons between them should always consider these aspects.
“…Moreover, these conversions revealed that, except for rowing, all other exercise modalities exhibited similar m CP 2 MLSS % effects when expressed in terms of power output. Hence, from a practical standpoint, if a speed comparison is of interest, the effects of swimming, rowing, and kayaking should be divided by 3 (67,113).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, these conversions revealed that, except for rowing, all other exercise modalities exhibited similar μCP−MLSS% effects when expressed in terms of power output. Hence, from a practical standpoint, if a speed comparison is of interest, the effects of swimming, rowing, and kayaking should be divided by 3 (67,113).
Practical Applications
This review study no longer provides a definitive solution to the heated debates in the literature regarding the most reliable threshold for heavy-severe exercise intensities.…”
Borszcz, FK, de Aguiar, RA, Costa, VP, Denadai, BS, and de Lucas, RD. Agreement between maximal lactate steady state and critical power in different sports: A systematic review and Bayesian's meta-regression. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e320–e339, 2024—This study aimed to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-regression to determine the level of agreement between maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and critical power (CP). Considered eligible to include were peer-reviewed and “gray literature” studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages in cyclical exercises. The last search was made on March 24, 2022, on PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The study's quality was evaluated using 4 criteria adapted from the COSMIN tool. The level of agreement was examined by 2 separate meta-regressions modeled under Bayesian’s methods, the first for the mean differences and the second for the SD of differences. The searches yielded 455 studies, of which 36 studies were included. Quality scale revealed detailed methods and small samples used and that some studies lacked inclusion/exclusion criteria reporting. For MLSS and CP comparison, likely (i.e., coefficients with high probabilities) covariates that change the mean difference were the MLSS time frame and delta criteria of blood lactate concentration, MLSS number and duration of pauses, CP longest predictive trial duration, CP type of predictive trials, CP model fitting parameters, and exercise modality. Covariates for SD of the differences were the subject's maximal oxygen uptake, CP's longest predictive trial duration, and exercise modality. Traditional MLSS protocol and CP from 2- to 15-minute trials do not reflect equivalent exercise intensity levels; the proximity between MLSS and CP measures can differ depending on test design, and both MLSS and CP have inherent limitations. Therefore, comparisons between them should always consider these aspects.
“…Swimming tethered by an inelastic wire attached to a resistance, which prevents swimmer displacement in water, has offered a realistic condition to simulate unimpeded swimming (i.e., free condition) [ 1 ], therefore enabling the measurements of force during stroke (arms) and kicking (legs) movements [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] as well as the assessment of the physiological responses while simulating incremental or constant exercise modes [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. From the physiological assessments, the results have demonstrated similarities between tethered and unimpeded swimming conditions with regard to the responses of cardio-circulatory [ 10 ] and respiratory [ 6 , 11 , 12 ] systems, blood lactate concentration [ 7 ], and energetics contribution [ 8 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In contrast, in the context of constant exercise, there is a lack of information to support the physiological description of rest-to-work transition during tethered swimming, which might be useful to provide the necessary metabolic adjustment to reach muscular energy requirements, as has been observed by means of VO 2 kinetics (VO 2 k) in unimpeded swimming for the characterization of exercise domains [ 14 , 15 ], performance in distance races [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], exercise tolerance (i.e., time limit) in continuous [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] and intermittent trials [ 24 , 25 ], and comparisons to other exercises modes [ 26 ]. In fact, there are findings comparing constant exercise performance and blood-lactate response during tethered to unimpeded swimming conditions [ 7 ], but the VO 2 k was not analyzed and therefore not compared. Hence, unsupported by VO 2 k analysis, the inferences on the respiratory (i.e., gas diffusion), circulatory (i.e., blood perfusion), and metabolic (i.e., aerobic and anaerobic energy sources) responses during tethered swimming are insufficient to recognize whether the underlying physiological process determining muscle tolerance, or its limitations in relation to metabolic acidosis, is not different to the well-described mechanisms for unimpeded swimming.…”
This study aimed to apply an incremental tethered swimming test (ITT) with workloads (WL) based on individual rates of front crawl mean tethered force (Fmean) for the identification of the upper boundary of heavy exercise (by means of respiratory compensation point, RCP), and therefore to describe oxygen uptake kinetics (VO2k) and time limit (tLim) responses to WL corresponding to peak oxygen uptake (WLVO2peak). Sixteen swimmers of both sexes (17.6 ± 3.8 years old, 175.8 ± 9.2 cm, and 68.5 ± 10.6 kg) performed the ITT until exhaustion, attached to a weight-bearing pulley–rope system for the measurements of gas exchange threshold (GET), RCP, and VO2peak. The WL was increased by 5% from 30 to 70% of Fmean at every minute, with Fmean being measured by a load cell attached to the swimmers during an all-out 30 s front crawl bout. The pulmonary gas exchange was sampled breath by breath, and the mathematical description of VO2k used a first-order exponential with time delay (TD) on the average of two rest-to-work transitions at WLVO2peak. The mean VO2peak approached 50.2 ± 6.2 mL·kg−1·min−1 and GET and RCP attained (respectively) 67.4 ± 7.3% and 87.4 ± 3.4% VO2peak. The average tLim was 329.5 ± 63.6 s for both sexes, and all swimmers attained VO2peak (100.4 ± 3.8%) when considering the primary response of VO2 (A1′ = 91.8 ± 6.7%VO2peak) associated with the VO2 slow component (SC) of 10.7 ± 6.7% of end-exercise VO2, with time constants of 24.4 ± 9.8 s for A1′ and 149.3 ± 29.1 s for SC. Negative correlations were observed for tLim to VO2peak, WLVO2peak, GET, RCP, and EEVO2 (r = −0.55, −0.59, −0.58, −0.53, and −0.50). Thus, the VO2k during tethered swimming at WLVO2peak reproduced the physiological responses corresponding to a severe domain. The findings also demonstrated that tLim was inversely related to aerobic conditioning indexes and to the ability to adjust oxidative metabolism to match target VO2 demand during exercise.
“…Papoti et al21 e Pessoa-Filho, Greco e Denadai22 , é possível afirmar que o metabolismo predominante ainda seja o anaeróbio lático (glicogênio muscular), embora parte da energia seja fornecida pela glicólise aeróbia em razão da duração média da prova dos 400 m livre (275 segundos). Neste sentido, parece que os comportamentos de risco para os TA podem tanto atenuar os estoques de glicogênio muscular quanto dificultar a velocidade de fornecimento de energia pelas vias oxidativas, explicando assim, os achados para os 400 m livre.Os achados revelaram efeito significante da maturação biológica no desempenho nas provas da natação.…”
O objetivo foi comparar o desempenho (melhor tempo em segundos) nas provas dos 50, 100, 200 e 400m livre de nadadores em razão dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares (TA). Participaram 188 atletas de natação do sexo masculino. Utilizou-se o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para avaliar os comportamentos de risco para TA. Utilizou-se o melhor tempo em segundos para determinar o desempenho nas provas de 50, 100, 200 e 400m livre. Conduziu-se a análise multivariada de covariância para comparar o desempenho nas provas de 50, 100, 200 e 400m livre entre nadadoras com e sem risco para os TA. Os resultados apontaram que: a) não foi identificada diferença de desempenho na prova dos 50m livre (F(2, 186)=3,40; p=0,18); b) foi encontrada diferença de desempenho nas provas dos 100m livre (F(2, 186)=16,05; p=0,02), 200m livre (F(2, 186)=19,61; p=0,01) e 400m livre (F(2, 186)=23,72; p=0,001) entre os grupos com e sem risco para os TA. Concluiu-se que os nadadores com maior frequência de uso de comportamentos de risco para os TA demonstraram menor desempenho nas provas dos 100, 200 e 400m livre, fato não replicado para os 50m livre.
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