Postural habits and weight of backpacks of Portuguese adolescents: Are they associated with scoliosis and low back pain?

Abstract

The results revealed that students who sat with the spine positioned wrongly, as well as those who were standing incorrectly, were more likely to present with LBP.

The association between the weight of schoolbags and low back pain among schoolchildren: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and individual patient data meta‐analysis

“…Seven studies were included in the IPD meta‐analysis (Akbar et al, ; de Oliveira et al, ; Martínez‐Crespo et al, ; Minghelli et al, ; Mohseni‐Bandpei et al, ; Trevelyan & Legg, ; Vidal et al, ).…”

“…Among these 21 studies, 19 used standardized self-report questionnaires to determine the prevalence of LBP Alghamdi et al, 2018;Chiang et al, 2006;Dianat et al, , 2014Grimmer & Williams, 2000;Johnson et al, 2011;Martínez-Crespo et al, 2009;Minghelli et al, 2016;Noormohammadpour et al, 2019;Oka et al, 2019;Trevelyan & Legg, 2011;Vidal et al, 2010;Watson et al, 2003). One study used a non-standardized, ad hoc self-questionnaire (Young et al, 2006), and the last one verbally asked the subjects a non-standardized question .Twelve of these 21 studies (including the two studies which did not use standardized self-report questionnaires), also used some form of physical examination Chiang et al, 2006;Johnson et al, 2011;Noormohammadpour et al, 2019;Trevelyan & Legg, 2011).…”

“…The other 15 studies classified this relationship into categories. The cut-off values for establishing these categories varied across studies, as follows:">6.6% of bodyweight" in one study ,">10% of bodyweight" in 10 studies Grimmer & Williams, 2000;Martínez-Crespo et al, 2009;Minghelli et al, 2016;Trevelyan & Legg, 2011),"≥12% of bodyweight" in one study , two categories ("10% to 15%", ">15%") in one study (Alghamdi et al, 2018), five categories ("2.2% to 6.6%"; "6.7% to 8.8%"; "8.9% to 10.5%"; "10.6% to 13.5%" and "13.6% to 32.1%") in one study , and "normal and abnormal" (without defining the classification criteria in these categories) in one study .…”

“…2009; Minghelli et al, 2016;Trevelyan & Legg, 2011;Vidal et al, 2010). Four additional studies were included in the meta-analysis, but could not be included in the IPD meta-analysis because their authors did not provide IPD data Dianat et al, , 2014.…”

Questionnaire on body awareness of postural habits in young people: construction and validation

“…When an individual remains seated for an extensive time period, he/ she tends to adopt an inappropriate posture, relaxed and curved, leading to inappropriate postural habits and causing a series of postural compensations and complaints of discomfort and pain. There is an association between inappropriate postural habits and musculoskeletal disorders in teenagers [7] and many factors can corroborate with these body modifications such as the adjustments and adaptations to their own body changes, psychosocial demands [8], questions related to the excessive weight of school backpacks and their use in an asymmetric and inappropriate way [7,9], and ergonomic difficulties [10,11].…”