“…Fourteen studies 9-15, 20, 22-26,33 were identified that used lumbar spine-specific protocols, describing a total of 970 patients treated with 13 distinct protocols (Table 3). In the described protocols, the most commonly included elements were patient education (8 studies); 10,14,15,[22][23][24][25][26] preoperative carbohydrate loading (6 studies); 10,14,[23][24][25][26] multimodal, opioid-sparing analgesia during the intraoperative or postoperative period (11 studies); 9-11, 13-15, 23-26,33 goal-directed fluid replacement intraoperatively (4 studies); 10,14,25,26 local analgesia with an amino-amide sodium channel blocker (e.g., bupivacaine and ropivacaine) (9 studies); 10,12,14,15,20,[23][24][25][26] use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques (4 studies); 10,23,24,33 urinary catheter avoidance or discontinuation within 48 hours of placement (8 studies); 9,10, 13, 20, 23-26 perioperative antiemetic prophylaxis (4 studies); 13,15,25,26 early resumption of enteral feeding (9 studies); 10,11,13,14,[23]…”