Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Abstract

The postmenopausal state is the most common underlying cause for osteoporosis and most of our understanding of the condition relates to this group. Recent evidence has suggested that hormone therapy may no longer have the pre-eminent place it once held but the same studies have also confirmed its antifracture efficacy. However, an increasing variety of alternative therapies are available for the postmenopausal woman. Furthermore, recent understanding of the mechanisms of bone loss after estrogen withdrawal, suggest that newer even better targeted therapies might be developed in the future.

Protective effects of resveratrol on postmenopausal osteoporosis: regulation of SIRT1-NF-κB signaling pathway

“…More importantly, it was found that resveratrolmediated SIRT1 activation inhibited the phosphorylation and activity of NF-kB p-IkBa and NF-kB p65 and siRNA-SIRT1 blocked the beneficial effects of resveratrol, demonstrating that the protective function of resveratrol was via the SIRT1-NF-kB signaling pathway. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common disease of the elderly women, characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration and subsequent higher fracture occurrence [16,17]. World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as BMD is at least 2.5 standard deviations below the mean peak bone mass of young, healthy adults measured by DEXA [18].…”

Hip Fracture After Stroke in the Elderly: Trends in the Beginning of the 21st Century and Projections into the Future in Australia

“…rates, 65 lower bone mineral density (BMD) and higher prevalence of osteoporosis in women compared with men, 37,66 as well as with increased bone loss following stroke in women compared to men, especially with prolongation of the post-menopause period. 43,67,68 The data indicates that the development of low-energy post-stroke HF in women and men is influenced by different mechanisms and provides evidence that the phenomenon of lower BMD/osteoporosis in females at stroke onset and more severe bone loss thereafter results from the effects of altered sex hormone exposure and factors intrinsic to the sex chromosomes, suggesting that this group of stroke survivors requires specific interventions. Although postmenopausal hormone therapy for osteoporosis is controversial and the use of estrogens is supported only by some groups, 69 recent publications provide new evidence of the protective effects against HF of hormone therapy and these are augmented by calcium and vitamin D supplementation.…”

Correlation of body mass index and mineral bone density in postmenopausal women

“…Osteoporoza je veoma česta kod žena u postmenopauzi [2]. Zene mnogo češće obolijevaju od osteoporoze nego muškarci, jer u prosjeku imaju 30% niže vrijednosti mase kosti od muškaraca, a sa prestankom ovarijalne funkcije dolazi do ubrzanog gubljenja mase kosti.…”

“…Smanjenje vrijednosti estrogena, vezano za postmenopauzu, smatra se ključnim uzrokom osteoporoze. Gubitak koštane mase vezan je za starost i počinje kasnije, a zahvata oba pola [2,3]. Da bi se na vrijeme identifikovale osobe sa rizikom za frakturu, kao posljedice osteoporoze, one bi trebalo da se aktivno traže, uzimajući u obzir faktore rizika za osteoporozu i frakturu, koji su nekad značajniji od dobijenog nalaza smanjene vrijednosti koštane mase [4].…”