Postharvest foliar nitrogen applications increase &lt;i&gt;Neonectria ditissima&lt;/i&gt; leaf scar infection in apple trees

Dryden, G.; Nelson, .; Smith, J.T.; Walter, Monika

doi:10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5885

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The number of leaf scars showing symptoms was low, as was the case in 2015 (Dryden et al 2016;Walter et al 2017b). Only 7.9% of inoculated shoots expressed disease, with an average of 1.4 leaf scars/shoot developing symptoms.…”

Section: Lesion Development From Leaf Scarsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Parallel grower experiments on three sites (data not shown) indicated that this is generally achieved using standard orchard sprayers with water rates of 1000 L/ha. The low expression of leaf-scar infections is disappointing, but this has occurred in other artificially inoculated and naturally infected leaf-scar experiments in the 2015 autumn-winter period (Dryden et al 2016;Walter et al 2017b). Normally, under New Zealand (Tasman) conditions, we would expect 10-20% of leaf scars to develop symptoms within 6 months of artificial inoculation Walter et al 2015;2017b) but in the 2015 autumn-spring period only 4.4 % of leaf scars expressed in the control treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dose-response assays were conducted in the field by creating and inoculating fresh leaf scars, and picking and rasp wounds (Dryden et al 2016;Walter et al 2017b). The leaf-scar experiment was done in 2015 on 2-year-old Royal Gala' trees, and the picking and rasp wound experiment in 2018 on 5-year-old 'Scilate' trees.…”

Section: Dose-response Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disease assessments for symptomatic European canker lesions were carried out four times on 26 July, 16 November, 14 December 2016 and 20 January 2016 as described by Dryden et al (2016). If one or more leaf scars showed European canker disease symptoms, the shoot was cut and removed from the orchard.…”

Section: Leaf-scar Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Captan (N-(trichloromethylthio)-cyclohex-4ene-1,2-dicarboximide) and copper fungicides are commonly used postharvest to protect apple leaf scars from N. ditissima (Dryden et al 2016;Weber 2014;Swinburne 1975). Captan is a broad-spectrum protectant fungicide that was first registered in the USA in 1949 for use in fruit trees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How much captan is required for wound protection of <i>Neonectria ditissima </i>conidial infection in apple?

Walter

Manktelow

Berre³

et al. 2019

NZPP

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Captan (a trichloromethyl sulfenyl fungicide) is commonly used for control of Neonectria ditissima in apple. In New Zealand, picking and leaf scars are the main source of new infections. The captan concentrations required for wound protection of leaf scars, picking and rasp wounds was determined in planta. Fresh wounds, inoculated with N. ditissima, were sprayed with captan using a motorised knapsack (leaf scars) or hand-held spray bottles targeting the wound area (picking and rasp wounds). Captan concentrations ranged from 0 to 400% field rate (100% = 2 kg captan/ha). Wounds were sampled pre-and post-captan application for residue analyses and the remainder assessed regularly in the field for disease expression. Disease development decreased as captan concentrations increased. Approximately 2 µg captan/scar (100% field rate) was required to protect leaf scars. Four times the field rate of captan was needed for a 55 and 70% disease reduction on picking and rasp wounds, respectively. Label-rate applications of captan controlled low incidence of N. ditissima leaf-scar infections in the field in autumn, but disease control of picking scars and other large wounds might be difficult to achieve.

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Section: Lesion Development From Leaf Scarsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dose-response Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Leaf-scar Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

How much captan is required for wound protection of <i>Neonectria ditissima </i>conidial infection in apple?

Walter

Manktelow

Berre³

et al. 2019

NZPP

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System nutrient dynamics in orchards: a research roadmap for nutrient management in apple and kiwifruit. A review

Gentile

Boldingh

Campbell

et al. 2022

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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As agricultural intensification affects global environmental change, a redesign of our food production systems towards practices that replace external inputs with inbuilt ecosystem services is needed. Specifically, human-induced changes to biogeochemical flows of nitrogen (N) cycling exceed the proposed planetary boundaries, highlighting a priority area for reducing nutrient inputs in agricultural production systems. A new understanding of nutrient interactions in the complete agroecosystem will allow us to better predict and mitigate the consequences of anthropogenic environmental changes compared with a reductionist approach. Here, we review for the first time system-level nutrient interactions, particularly N, in perennial horticulture using high-producing kiwifruit and apple crops grown in New Zealand as a basis to identify critical knowledge gaps and prioritize new research. The major points identified are (1) current nutrient guidelines are from the 1980s to the early 2000s and do not take into account substantial production changes since that time; (2) few studies construct complete nutrient budgets of all sources and losses; (3) nutrient loss estimates are generally low relative to those from other agricultural land uses; (4) there is a lack of studies which address nutrient interactions between above- and below-ground food webs in perennial horticultural crops; (5) there is contradictory literature where fertilizer has been found both to increase and to decrease plant chemical signaling and defense mechanisms. New tools are emerging to improve orchard nutrient management, including advances in fertilizer application techniques, new methods to monitor plant and soil nutrients, and utilizing genetic variability to breed cultivars with improved nutrient use efficiency. To reduce adverse nutrient effects on the environment, new research is needed, addressing the relationships between carbon and nutrients and nutrient demands in modern fruit cultivars and growing systems; the nutrient balance for perennial horticultural crops considering all inputs and outputs; and interactions of the above- and below-ground nutrient flows in orchard food webs.

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Infection biology as the basis of integrated control of apple canker (Neonectria ditissima) in Northern Europe

Weber

Børve

2021

CABI Agric Biosci

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Background European canker, caused by Neonectria ditissima, is a disease of worldwide importance in apple production, yet knowledge about it is limited, highly regional and sometimes contradictory. This is an obstacle to successful disease management. Key aspects for Northern Europe are reviewed, based on research results from Northern Germany and Norway and on international literature data. Main topics Trunk cankers developing on young trees within the first 1–3 seasons of explanting can often be traced back to latent infections initiated in the nurseries. The most important nursery infection is a lateral canker on the main trunk of ‘knip’ trees, which are the standard tree type in Northern Europe. In strongly affected batches, up to 25% of trees have to be uprooted after the first growing season due to such trunk cankers. The establishment and maintenance of healthy orchards requires clean nursery material, especially in the case of susceptible cultivars. In Northern Germany, infections within commercial orchards most often proceed through wounds caused by fruit picking or leaf fall in autumn, as shown by the appearance of cankers in the following spring and by the high efficacy of fungicide treatments at leaf fall. Ascospores, commonly thought to be relevant for long-distance spread of infections, are not released until the end of leaf fall even in wet autumn seasons in Northern Germany. Therefore, their role in the disease remains unclear. Strong nitrogen-induced vegetative growth favours apple canker. In field trials conducted under conditions of current commercial practices, autumnal sprays with copper hydroxide or copper oxide were consistently more efficacious than copper oxychloride or captan in preventing new infections. Conclusions Restricted fertilisation and other measures to curb excessive vegetative growth during the first few years of an orchard, repeated canker pruning and well-timed treatments with effective fungicides in autumn are essential for IPM of apple canker. Nonetheless, canker remains capable of severely impairing the commercial success of susceptible cultivars in regions with wet climates even if all available measures are taken. This opens up long-term perspectives for the breeding of more resistant cultivars.

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Postharvest foliar nitrogen applications increase <i>Neonectria ditissima</i> leaf scar infection in apple trees

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

How much captan is required for wound protection of <i>Neonectria ditissima </i>conidial infection in apple?

How much captan is required for wound protection of <i>Neonectria ditissima </i>conidial infection in apple?

System nutrient dynamics in orchards: a research roadmap for nutrient management in apple and kiwifruit. A review

Infection biology as the basis of integrated control of apple canker (Neonectria ditissima) in Northern Europe

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