“…In addition to being inherently unpleasant and a cause of potentially needless suffering, childbirth pain is also associated with long-term negative outcomes such as postpartum depression (Ding, Wang, Qu, Chen, & Zhu, 2014), post-traumatic stress symptoms (Garthus-Niegel, Knoph, von Soest, Nielsen, & Eberhard-Gran, 2014), and negative evaluations of the birth experience (Niven & Murphy-Black, 2000;Waldenström, Hildingsson, Rubertsson, & Rådestad, 2004; Waldenström, 1999, 2003, 2004). These outcomes, in turn, are linked to women’s future reproductive decisions (Gottvall & Waldenström, 2002; Hildingsson, Radestad, Rubertsson, & Waldenström, 2002) and increased risk of childbirth post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) 1 (Denis, Parant, & Callahan, 2011; Garthus-Niegel et al, 2014; Goutaudier, Séjourné, Rousset, Lami, & Chabrol, 2012; Soet, Brack, & Diloria, 2003). …”