Post-traumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinian children

Khamis, Vivian

doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.06.013

Cited by 151 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Within the literature review, many of the cited articles have focused or noted a relationship between PTSD and age, with older teens in general being at greater risk than younger teens (e.g., Kilpatrick et al, 2003). Ten of the 32 studies have explained the relationship between age and the onset of PTSD (see Table 1: e.g., Breslau et al, 2001;Eksi et al, 2007;Khamis, 2005). For instance, investigations by Breslau et al (2004) have confirmed that the rates of trauma exposure are higher among teens than adults, but also that rates of PTSD were higher (13%), nearly double that established for adults (7%; Breslau et al, 2004).…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 99%

“…All races, ethnicities, cultures, nationalities, and types of trauma were included. Twelve of the 32 studies were conducted in countries other than the United States such as Israel, Turkey, Italy, and China (Dell'Osso et al, 2011a, 2011bDixon, Howie, & Fairbank, 2005;Eksi et al, 2007;Elklit, 2002;Khamis, 2005;Ma et al, 2011;Neugebauer et al, 2009;Schaal & Elbert, 2006;Seedat, Nyamai, Njenga, Vylhilingum, & Stein, 2004;. Another study examined Native Americans on a reservation with a focus on cultural differences in PTSD (Deters, Novins, Fickenscher, & Beals, 2006).…”

Section: Criteria For Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Nooner

Linares²,

Batinjane

et al. 2012

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

143

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Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescence published from 2000 to 2011 indicate that adolescents are at greater risk of experiencing trauma than either adults or children, and that the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents is 3-57%. Age, gender, type of trauma, and repeated trauma are discussed as factors related to the increased rates of adolescent PTSD. PTSD in adolescence is also associated with suicide, substance abuse, poor social support, academic problems, and poor physical health. PTSD may disrupt biological maturational processes and contribute to the long-term emotion and behavior regulation problems that are often evident in adolescents with the disorder. Recommendations are presented for practice and research regarding the promotion of targeted prevention and intervention services to maximize adolescents' strengths and minimize vulnerabilities. Public policy implications are discussed.Keywords adolescent, trauma, posttraumatic stress, abuse, development, risk factors, suicidality, substance use Key Points of the Research Review Trauma in AdolescenceFour of five adolescents meet DSM criteria for exposure to a serious traumatic event. Of these, 3-57% meet diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Child maltreatment is a common type of trauma for those under 18. There were over 2 million reported cases in the United States in 2008, which likely represents a fraction of the actual incidents of abuse and neglect. PTSD in AdolescenceThe average rate of adolescent PTSD was nearly 14% among studies conducted in the last decade. Rates of PTSD in adolescence are related to type of trauma. Trauma that is associated with more shame and deviance is associated with higher rates of PTSD (e.g., for sexual abuse 57% have PTSD vs. 10% for natural disasters). Risk Factors for PSTDRates of traumatic exposure peak in adolescence compared to adulthood, which is associated with correspondingly higher rates of PTSD (adult PTSD 7% vs. adolescent PTSD 13%). Adolescent females are twice as likely to develop PTSD following a significant trauma than males. Repeated trauma, regardless of type, heightens the probability of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Adolescents with less social support are more likely to experience trauma and develop PTSD.Serious physical health problems increase risk of PTSD in adolescence. Correlates of PTSDAdolescents with PTSD are significantly more likely to have failed a grade or to have been suspended than those without PTSD. Over 80% of individuals with PTSD have a comorbid substance-use disorder, typically beginning in adolescence. Approximately 6% of adolescents with PTSD have made a suicide attempt versus less than 2% for adolescents with no history of trauma or PTSD. Brain imaging studies relate PTSD and trauma to differences in emotion regulation, dopamine, and norepinephrine activation.

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Section: Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Criteria For Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Nooner

Linares²,

Batinjane

et al. 2012

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…One of the most important studies focused on Palestinian schoolchildren of the West Bank and found that 34.1% of them suffered from PTSD. Most of these children were older, employed male refugees (Khamis, 2005). Other studies revealed high rates of PTSD in primary school-aged children who had experienced the war firsthand.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Khamis (2005) conducted a study in Palestine and found that boys displayed more PTSD symptoms than girls. Contrary to both, a study performed in Palestine by Elbedour, Onwuegbuzie, Ghannamc, Whitcome, and Abu Hein (2007) found no significant differences between the two sexes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptoms of PTSD among Children Living in War Zones in Same Cultural Context and Different Situations

Fasfous¹,

Peralta-Ramírez²,

Pérez‐García³

2013

Journal of Muslim Mental Health

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Situations of war and military conflict have been linked to the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). To our knowledge, there are no studies that have examined, within the same conflict and the same culture, exposure to different traumatic events or traumatic events of different intensity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the symptoms of PTSD among Palestinian schoolchildren in two different areas of Hebron. A total of 381 schoolchildren from different parts of Hebron participated in the study. To evaluate the symptoms of PTSD, the children were asked to complete the Child Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index. To evaluate the traumatic events experienced, they completed the Gaza Traumatic Event Checklist. Results indicate that 77.4% of the children living in Hebron show symptoms of moderate-to-severe PTSD, and 20.5% of them meet the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for chronic PTSD. There were no significant differences in total symptoms between the two areas of Hebron, but there were differences within the specific types of symptoms. It is clear that the traumatic events of the war lead to the development of post-traumatic stress in children and that psychological intervention is necessary.Literature suggests that exposure to the traumatic events of war is related to high levels of PTSD among the victims of military conflicts. However, there are important differences between the stressors and prevalence of PTSD in each conflict due to cultural differences, type of conflict, and PTSD instruments ad-

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“…A plethora of research exists describing mental health problems of children and adolescents in areas of armed conflict in the Middle East such as studies conducted in Lebanon, [4][5][6][7][8] Iraq, [9][10][11][12] Kuwait, 13 Israel, 14,15 and the Palestinian territories to name a few. [16][17][18][19][20] Little is known about the effects of exposure to war trauma in people with sensory impairments. To harbor an impairment means to be presented with every day problems related to the impairment itself, in addition to coping with negative social response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe war trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents with sensory impairments: a cross-sectional study

Shaar

2013

Health Psych Res

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A paucity of studies of the psychological status of adolescents with sensory impairments in political conflict areas is noted. This study was set up to examine the exposure of adolescents with sensory impairments (ASIs) to severe war trauma and development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as compared to their able-bodied peers (ABPs). It also answers the question whether their impairments have made them more resilient in facing traumatic events. A cross-sectional study of all ASIs attending special schools in three administrative districts in Lebanon (n=166) as well as a group of 166 age and sex-matched ABPs from neighboring schools was conducted. The Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Checklist for children (PTSRC) was used to assess exposure to severe trauma, PTSD and their determinants. ASIs reported a lower exposure to severe traumatic events (24.1%) as compared to their ABPs (69.9%), and risk factors for their exposure were an older age group, a fatherless family, and severe visual impairment. Prevalence rates for PTSD were similar in the two study groups (17.5% and 16.4%). Younger ASIs were at a significantly higher risk of developing PTSD. Lower exposure to trauma among ASIs points to the more sheltered life that they lead. Given the same exposure as ABPs, similar rates of PTSD are noted among the two study groups. This may indicate that having a sensory impairment may protect from PTSD due to decreased exposure to severe trauma and not due to increased resilience of subjects.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinian children

Cited by 151 publications

References 23 publications

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Symptoms of PTSD among Children Living in War Zones in Same Cultural Context and Different Situations

Severe war trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents with sensory impairments: a cross-sectional study

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