Post-Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

It is estimated that 2% of the population from industrialized countries live with lifelong disabilities resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) and roughly one in four adults are unable to return to work 1 year after injury because of physical or mental disabilities. TBI is a significant public health issue that causes substantial physical and economical repercussions for the individual and society. Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched with the keywords traumatic brain injury, TBI, genes and TBI, TBI outcome, head injury. Human studies on non-penetrating traumatic brain injuries reported in English were included. To provide health care workers with the basic information for clinical management we summarize and compare the data on post-TBI outcome with regard to the impact of genetic variation: apolipoprotein E (APOE), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), calcium channel, voltage dependent P/Q type, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine receptor D2 and ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2 and ANKK1), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), kidney and brain expressed protein (KIBRA), neurofilament, heavy polypeptide (NEFH), endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, gamma isozyme (PPP3CC), the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene solute carrier family 6 member (SLC6A4) and tumor protein 53 (TP53). It is evident that contradicting results are attributable to the heterogeneity of studies, thus further researches are warranted to effectively assess a relation between genetic traits and clinical outcome following traumatic injuries.

Intimate Partner Violence and Traumatic Brain Injury

“…Wide variations exist among victims of abuse in recovery trajectory following TBI, even after stratifying for severity of the initial event causing the injury. 40 This wide range of outcomes appears to be shaped by the form and activity of genes (referred to as genomics) that are associated with recovery. How well a person recovers from TBI is partially determined by the particular genetic variations present in that individual.…”

The Association Between Apolipoprotein E and Functional Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury

“… 9 Recent studies indicated that genetic variants, such as the APOE polymorphism, may also contribute to the severity and outcome of TBI. 10 , 11 However, the results and conclusion of these studies are not consistent, and the relation between the APOE genotype and TBI recovery remains unclear, partly due to the variable methods and limited sample sizes.…”

Loss of PAFR prevents neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction after traumatic brain injury

“…Indeed, human gene polymorphism analyses indicate that various inflammatory factors are increased after TBI27. Inflammation can occur due to activation of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in secondary damage to the brain which in turn leads to a decline in learning ability as well as reduced memory and cognitive function28.…”