Abstract:Traumatic experiences early in life can contribute to the development of mood and anxiety disorders that manifest during adolescence and young adulthood. In young rats exposed to acute fear or stress, alterations in neural development can lead to enduring behavioral abnormalities. Here, we used a modified extinction intervention (retrieval+extinction) during late adolescence (post-natal day 45 [p45]), in rats, to target auditory Pavlovian fear associations acquired as juveniles (p17 and p25). The effects of ad… Show more
“…A direct comparison of new and old memories in the Monfils-Schiller paradigm was reported by (Gräff et al, 2014); consistent with our hypothesis, younger memories were more susceptible to modification (see also Jones and Monfils, 2016, for converging evidence).10.7554/eLife.23763.016Figure 14.Boundary conditions in the Monfils-Schiller paradigm.( A ) A short acquisition-retrieval interval is more effective at attenuating spontaneous recovery of fear at test than a long acquisition-retrieval interval. ( B ) A retrieval/extinction context (A*) that is similar to the acquisition context ( A ) leads to attenuated renewal of fear when tested in A, whereas a very dissimilar context ( B ) leads to renewal. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23763.016…”
Retrieving a memory can modify its influence on subsequent behavior. We develop a computational theory of memory modification, according to which modification of a memory trace occurs through classical associative learning, but which memory trace is eligible for modification depends on a structure learning mechanism that discovers the units of association by segmenting the stream of experience into statistically distinct clusters (latent causes). New memories are formed when the structure learning mechanism infers that a new latent cause underlies current sensory observations. By the same token, old memories are modified when old and new sensory observations are inferred to have been generated by the same latent cause. We derive this framework from probabilistic principles, and present a computational implementation. Simulations demonstrate that our model can reproduce the major experimental findings from studies of memory modification in the Pavlovian conditioning literature.DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23763.001
“…A direct comparison of new and old memories in the Monfils-Schiller paradigm was reported by (Gräff et al, 2014); consistent with our hypothesis, younger memories were more susceptible to modification (see also Jones and Monfils, 2016, for converging evidence).10.7554/eLife.23763.016Figure 14.Boundary conditions in the Monfils-Schiller paradigm.( A ) A short acquisition-retrieval interval is more effective at attenuating spontaneous recovery of fear at test than a long acquisition-retrieval interval. ( B ) A retrieval/extinction context (A*) that is similar to the acquisition context ( A ) leads to attenuated renewal of fear when tested in A, whereas a very dissimilar context ( B ) leads to renewal. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23763.016…”
Retrieving a memory can modify its influence on subsequent behavior. We develop a computational theory of memory modification, according to which modification of a memory trace occurs through classical associative learning, but which memory trace is eligible for modification depends on a structure learning mechanism that discovers the units of association by segmenting the stream of experience into statistically distinct clusters (latent causes). New memories are formed when the structure learning mechanism infers that a new latent cause underlies current sensory observations. By the same token, old memories are modified when old and new sensory observations are inferred to have been generated by the same latent cause. We derive this framework from probabilistic principles, and present a computational implementation. Simulations demonstrate that our model can reproduce the major experimental findings from studies of memory modification in the Pavlovian conditioning literature.DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23763.001
“…In line with the results of Kim et al; however, we also found that for the rats that did vocalize in the 22 kHz range during FCbP, the duration of those vocalizations was positively correlated with the amount of fear acquired socially, as measured by freezing displayed by the observer the following day . We quantified social relationship between rats housed in triads 3 weeks prior to FCbP . The social relationship between rats, as measured during their play behavior, could in part explain why some individuals vocalize in response to threat in the presence of a conspecific whereas others do not, and supports the idea that one possible function of 22 kHz vocalizations is to alarm conspecifics .…”
Section: Modes Of Communication Important To Social Learningsupporting
confidence: 85%
“…77 We quantified social relationship between rats housed in triads 3 weeks prior to FCbP. [77][78][79] The social relationship between rats, as measured during their play behavior, could in part explain why some individuals vocalize in response to threat in the presence of a conspecific whereas others do not, and supports the idea that one possible function of 22 kHz vocalizations is to alarm conspecifics. 67,80,81 The social relationship between rats, thus, could determine whether, and how alarm calls may be used in threatening situations.…”
Section: 21 | Ultrasonic Vocalizations In Ratsmentioning
Direct exposure to stimuli in their environment is not the only way that animals learn about important information. Individuals can infer fear from a social context through observation. Like humans, rats are very social animals, and may learn to infer information about their environment through their interactions with conspecifics. Here, we first review different models for social transmission of information in rodents. Second, we examine different modes of communication that are important to social learning. Then, we cover the different proximate factors that are thought to modulate the social transmission of information. Next, we identify social and environmental conditions that impact social learning, and finally, we conclude by revisiting social transmission through the lens of the Tinbergen framework.
“…Although others have demonstrated that postretrieval extinction can prevent fear relapse in animals (Auchter et al, 2017; Baker et al, 2013; Clem & Huganir, 2010; Flavell et al, 2011; Jones et al, 2013; Jones & Monfils, 2016; Monfils et al, 2009; Olshavsky et al, 2013; Rao-Ruiz et al, 2011; Shumake & Monfils, 2015) and in humans (Agren et al, 2012a, 2012b, 2017; Björkstrand et al, 2015; Golkar et al, 2017; Liu et al, 2014; Meir Drexler et al, 2014; Meir Drexler & Wolf, 2016a; Oyarzún et al, 2012; Schiller et al, 2010, 2013; Thompson & Lipp, 2017), it is important to consider that prevention of relapse may not equate to erasure of the fear memory. For example, a well-trained extinction memory may be able to outcompete a fear memory for expression, without the fear memory necessarily being eliminated (Lattal & Wood, 2013).…”
Retrieving fear memories just prior to extinction has been reported to effectively erase fear memories and prevent fear relapse. The current study examined whether the type of retrieval procedure influences the ability of extinction to impair fear renewal, a form of relapse in which responding to a conditional stimulus (CS) returns outside of the extinction context. Rats first underwent Pavlovian fear conditioning with an auditory CS and footshock unconditional stimulus (US); freezing behavior served as the index of conditioned fear. Twenty-four hours later, the rats underwent a retrieval-extinction procedure. Specifically, 1 h prior to extinction (45 CS-alone trials; 44 for rats receiving a CS reminder), fear memory was retrieved by either a single exposure to the CS alone, the US alone, a CS paired with the US, or exposure to the conditioning context itself. Over the next few days, conditional freezing to the extinguished CS was tested in the extinction and conditioning context in that order (i.e., an ABBA design). In the extinction context, rats that received a CS+US trial before extinction exhibited higher levels of conditional freezing than animals in all other groups, which did not differ from one another. In the renewal context, all groups showed renewal, and none of the reactivation procedures reduced renewal relative to a control group that did not receive a reactivation procedure prior to extinction. These data suggest retrieval-extinction procedures may have limited efficacy in preventing fear renewal.
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