Post-Mortem Immunohistochemical Evidence of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Expression in the Adrenal Gland

Spagnolo, Elvira Ventura; Mondello, Cristina; Cardia, Luigi; Minutoli, Letteria; Puzzolo, Domenico; Asmundo, Alessio; Macaione, Vincenzo; Alibrandi, Angela; Malta, Consuelo; Baldino, Gennaro; Micali, Antonio

doi:10.3390/ijms20123065

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Interestingly, some researchers suggested that the spleen and lymph nodes lymphocytic depletion could be partially attributable to an endogenous increase of cortisol secretion by the fasciculated zone of the adrenal gland appearing hyperplastic ( Lax et al, 2020 ), as previously reported for lymphopenia related to SARS-1 disease ( Chong et al, 2004 ; Panesar, 2008 ). Furthermore, the role of adrenal gland in sepsis is well established as part of an intrinsic neuroendocrine response to sepsis-related circulatory failure ( Cumming et al, 1988 ; Ventura Spagnolo et al, 2019a ; Ventura Spagnolo et al, 2019c ). On the contrary, other researchers observed an evident adrenal vascular damage, namely vascular necrosis and endothelial apoptosis, hypothesizing that adrenal insufficiency related to vasculopathy may contribute to the cytokine storm characterizing COVID-19 ( Iuga et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological Findings in COVID-19 as a Tool to Define SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Introduction: The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 still represents a worldwide health emergency, which causesa severe disease that has led to the death of many patients. The pathophysiological mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 determining the tissue damage is not clear and autopsycan be auseful tool to improve the knowledge of this infection and, thus, it can help achieve a timely diagnosis and develop an appropriate therapy. This is an overview of the main post-mortem findings reporting data on the infection effects on several organs.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed database searching for articles from 1 January to August 31, 2020. Thearticles were selected identifying words/concepts in the titles and/or abstracts that indicated the analysis of the morphological/pathological tissue injuries related to SARS-CoV-2 disease by several investigations.Results: A total of 63 articles were selected. The main investigated tissue was the lung showing a diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) frequently associated with pulmonary thrombotic microangiopathy. Inflammatory findings and vascular damage were observed in other organs such as heart, liver, kidney, brain, spleen, skin and adrenal gland. The immunohistochemical analysis showed tissue inflammatory cells infiltrates. The virus presence was detected by several investigations such as RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and electron microscope, showing the effect ofSARS-CoV-2not exclusively in the lung.Discussion: The evidence emerging from this review highlighted the importance of autopsy to provide a fundamental base in the process of understanding the consequences ofSARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 is strictly related to a hyper inflammatory state that seems to start with DAD and immuno-thrombotic microangiopathy. Massive activation of the immune system and microvascular damage might also be responsible for indirect damage to other organs, even if the direct effect of the virus on these tissues cannot be excluded.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological Findings in COVID-19 as a Tool to Define SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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“…We found a strong difference in anthropometric and biochemical parameters between karate athletes and non-athletes subjects. In particular, a better glycaemic and lipid profile in athletes confirm the beneficial effects of physical activity (Cavaliere et al, 2019;Francavilla et al, 2018;Spagnolo et al, 2019;Ventura et al, 2018;Mondello et al, 2018). Also, the higher Orexin-A serum levels in karate athletes compared non-athletes subjects show the cognitive response induced by physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Evaluation of Orexin-A serum levels in karate athletes cohort

Messina¹,

Messina²,

Monda³

et al. 2020

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Spring Conferences of Sports Science

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The lateral hypothalamus products various neuropeptides, among of these the Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) is a protein that regulates numerous physiological and behavioural processes involving in energy balance and metabolic status, physical activity, blood glucose levels, and food intake. Many data literature reported that the production of Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity. Indeed, it improves energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. The higher Orexin-A tone is an endogenous factor that predicts physical activity, improving BMI and the energy expenditure aspect. It is well known that physical activity has positive effects on health and body weight, it improves cognitive performance increasing Orexin-A levels. Given these evidences, the aim of this study is evaluated Orexin-A serum levels in a cohort of karate athletes. Fort these reasons, were recruited 10 young karate athletes and 10 matched non-athletes as control. We evaluated biochemical and anthropometric parameters, and Orexin-A serum levels through ELISA-test. Our results showed that there is a statistical difference between karate athletes and non-athletes in BMI and in biochemical parameters such as glycaemic and lipid profile. Interestingly, Orexin-A serum levels are statistical higher in karate athletes compared to non-athletes. The differences between athlete and non-athletes in this study could be attributed to a better trainingrelated hypothalamic activity in karate athletes. In addition, these evidences indicate that the physical activity has beneficial effects not only on anthropometric and biochemical parameters but also on orexin-A levels, and then on central nervous system.

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“…Immunohistochemistry is a useful, simple, and repeatable post-mortem investigation providing effective findings for the assessment of several causes of death [ 65 , 66 , 67 ]. The spectrum of the molecules immunohistochemically tested for sepsis is wide, and includes cell–cell adhesion molecules, chemoattractant molecules, acute phase mediators, growth factors involved in angiogenesis, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Mortem Investigations for the Diagnosis of Sepsis: A Review of Literature

et al. 2020

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To date, sepsis is still one of the most important causes of death due to the difficulties concerning the achievement of a correct diagnosis. As well as in a clinical context, also in a medico-legal setting the diagnosis of sepsis can reveal challenging due to the unspecificity of the signs detected during autopsies, especially when no ante-mortem clinical data, laboratory, and cultural results are available. Thus, a systematic review of literature was performed to provide an overview of the main available and updated forensic tools for the post-mortem diagnosis of sepsis. Moreover, the aim of this review was to evaluate whether a marker or a combination of markers exist, specific enough to allow a correct and definite post-mortem diagnosis. The review was conducted searching in PubMed and Scopus databases, and using variable combinations of the keywords “post mortem sepsis diagnosis”, “macroscopic signs”, “morphology”, “histology”, “immunohistochemical markers”, “biochemical markers”, and “forensic microbiology”. The article selection was carried out following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 44 works was identified, providing data on morphological aspects of the organs examined, histological findings, immunohistochemical and biochemical markers, and cultural assays. The review findings suggested that the post-mortem diagnosis of sepsis can be achieved by a combination of data obtained from macroscopic and microscopic analysis and microbial investigations, associated with the increased levels of at least two of three biochemical and/or immunohistochemical markers evaluated simultaneously on blood samples.

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Post-Mortem Immunohistochemical Evidence of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Expression in the Adrenal Gland

Cited by 11 publications

References 52 publications

Pathological Findings in COVID-19 as a Tool to Define SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. A Systematic Review

Pathological Findings in COVID-19 as a Tool to Define SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. A Systematic Review

Evaluation of Orexin-A serum levels in karate athletes cohort

Post-Mortem Investigations for the Diagnosis of Sepsis: A Review of Literature

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