Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: A threat to elimination program

Gedda, Mallikarjuna Rao; Singh, Bhawana; Kumar, Deepak; Singh, Abhishek Kumar; Madhukar, Prasoon; Upadhyay, Shreya; Singh, O. P.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008221

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 188 publications

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“…Some of the patients suffer from skin lesions called post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) due to incomplete healing [ 22 ]. PKDL patients can also be a source of the parasite spreading, as the protozoa harbor in their skin lesions [ 23 ].…”

Section: Practical Examples Of Application Of Urine For Antibody Detection In Parasitic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Urinary Antibodies and Its Application in Epidemiological Studies for Parasitic Diseases

et al. 2021

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For epidemiological studies of infectious diseases, pathogen-specific antibody levels in an area give us essential and appropriate information. The antibodies against pathogens are usually detected in blood, the drawing of which inconveniences people. Collection of blood increases the risk of accidental infections through blood, and it is difficult to obtain the participation of the target populations, especially the younger generation. On the other hand, urine samples, which contain a high enough level of antibodies for ELISA, can be harmlessly and easily collected and therefore have been used for epidemiological studies for diseases. The antibody examination of urine has been used for the epidemiology of parasitic diseases with a high sensitivity and specificity of serum samples. In this paper, we reviewed antibody assays with urine for seven parasitic diseases that urine diagnostic methods have reported in the past, and these are important infections included in NTDs, caused, for example, by Leishmania donovani, Wuchereria bancrofti, Schistosoma japonicum, Paragonimus westermani, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Opisthorchis viverrini. The easy and safe urine surveillance system might be an admirable tool for future epidemiological studies for infectious diseases.

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Section: Practical Examples Of Application Of Urine For Antibody Detection In Parasitic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Urinary Antibodies and Its Application in Epidemiological Studies for Parasitic Diseases

et al. 2021

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“…It can diagnosis via slit-skin smears, culture or polymerase chain reaction. The clinical appearance is papular, macular or nodular lesions (Gedda et al, 2020).…”

Section: Visceral Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in Iraq

Al-Hayali¹,

alkattan²

2021

RJS

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Leishmaniasis continues to be a significant public health issue and socioeconomic obstacle in Iraq. The various species of leishmania are transmitted by the bite of sandflies belonging to genus phlebtomus, where high temperatures might prolong the breeding season for this fly species. The current review proved that the infection in the southern regions of Iraq is more than in the northern regions. The incidence of leishmaniasis has increased and expanded to most Iraqi governorates, the reason may be due to the population growth, urbanization, pronounced poverty and lack of public health awareness. Furthermore, leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease with a rodent, cats and dog's reservoir that poses a problem to human health. Leishmaniasis has spread in Iraq from the 1950s until now, additionally, wars forced migration of Iraqi people from their province to other places. All these have encouraged an increase in the infected rate with leishmaniasis in areas previously uninfected.

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“…A plethora of diagnostic kits have been produced in various formats over the past two decades to validate the diagnosis of leishmaniasis with differing sensitivities, but are still far from optimal. Most of the conventional methods of evaluation give positive outcomes even after several years of successful therapy, making it difficult to differentiate between stable and infected patients and to distinguish asymptomatic or PKDL cases (Gedda, Madhukar et al 2020, Gedda, Singh et al 2020). Thus, there is an urgent need for innovations in the development of diagnostic techniques or prognostic markers for the identification of current and relapse cases for early diagnosis.…”

Section: Nanodiagnostics In Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiagnostics in leishmaniasis: A new frontiers for early elimination

Gedda

Madhukar

Shukla

et al. 2020

WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is still a major public health concern in developing countries having the highest outbreak and mortality potential. While the treatment of VL has greatly improved in recent times, the current diagnostic tools are limited for use in the post‐elimination setting. Although conventional serological methods of detection are rapid, they can only differentiate between active disease in strict combination with clinical criteria, and thus are not sufficient enough to diagnose relapse patients. Therefore, there is a dire need for a portable, authentic, and reliable assay that does not require large space, specialized instrument facilities, or highly trained laboratory personnel and can be carried out in primary health care settings. Advances in the nanodiagnostic approaches have led to the expansion of new frontiers in the concerned area. The nanosized particles are blessed with an ability to interact one‐on‐one with the biomolecules because of their unique optical and physicochemical properties and high surface area to volume ratio. Biomolecular detection systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) are cost‐effective, rapid, nongel, non‐PCR, and nonculture based that provide fast, one‐step, and reliable results with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss different NPs that are being used for the identification of molecular markers and other biomarkers, such as toxins and antigens associated with leishmaniasis. The most promising diagnostic approaches have been included in the article, and the ability of biomolecular recognition, advantages, and disadvantages have been discussed in detail to showcase the enormous potential of nanodiagnostics in human and veterinary medicine. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing

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Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: A threat to elimination program

Cited by 46 publications

References 188 publications

Detection of Urinary Antibodies and Its Application in Epidemiological Studies for Parasitic Diseases

Detection of Urinary Antibodies and Its Application in Epidemiological Studies for Parasitic Diseases

Overview on Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in Iraq

Nanodiagnostics in leishmaniasis: A new frontiers for early elimination

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