Overview on Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in Iraq

Abstract

Leishmaniasis continues to be a significant public health issue and socioeconomic obstacle in Iraq. The various species of leishmania are transmitted by the bite of sandflies belonging to genus phlebtomus, where high temperatures might prolong the breeding season for this fly species. The current review proved that the infection in the southern regions of Iraq is more than in the northern regions. The incidence of leishmaniasis has increased and expanded to most Iraqi governorates, the reason may be due to the population growth, urbanization, pronounced poverty and lack of public health awareness. Furthermore, leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease with a rodent, cats and dog's reservoir that poses a problem to human health. Leishmaniasis has spread in Iraq from the 1950s until now, additionally, wars forced migration of Iraqi people from their province to other places. All these have encouraged an increase in the infected rate with leishmaniasis in areas previously uninfected.

Immunology study and the Assessment of parameters in difference Age, Sex of stage resistance infection leishmaniasis in Dayla

“…The higher cases were males (42) patients, while females were represented (31) of patients. Males and females shared a similar frequency in the age groups without significant differences between them, they were 31(42.47%), 9 (12.33%) and 26 (35.61%), 4 (5.48%) in age groups(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) and (15-50) of males and females respectively, as shown in the Table2. Statistical analysis proved that there were no significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences between genders of the studied groups.Table2:…”

“…The second one is the vertebrate host (human), who has an intracellular, non-motile or non-flagellated form called amastigote stage which invade the macrophages of the vertebrate host [4]. World Health Organization (WHO) considers leishmaniasis as one of the nine most important infectious tropical and subtropical diseases that occurring in all continents [5]. Leishmaniasis regards one of the worldwide disease affecting more than 89 countries including: Asia, Africa, southern Europe (old world), and Latin America (new world), paritcularly those countries that suffer from poverty in social and economic conditions.…”

The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Ramadi, Iraq

“…CL cases are widespread in most Iraqi provinces, and the first patients affected were reported in the cities of Mosul and Baghdad [18]. Previously, medical education and health care in Iraq were the most developed in the area [19].…”

Plasmid content studies of local isolates of Salmonella

“…Data obtained in 1996 survey CDC of Salmonella isolates revealed that 37% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (6,9). Local study in 1993 reported that all S.typhimurium, S.wien, S.muencher, S.senftenberg and S.enek have resistance range from 11%-66% to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamycin (10). Other hocal studies revealed some identical antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella, Shigella, and ‫مجلة‬ ‫كلية‬ ‫التربية‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫ملحق‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫السادس‬ ‫والسبعون‬ 2102 2 E.coli, with inclusive resistance to ampicillin penicillin G and tetracycline (11,12).…”