Post-flame gas-phase sulfation of potassium chloride

Li, Bo; Sun, Zhiwei; Li, Zhongshan; Aldén, Marcus; Jakobsen, J.; Hansen, Stine Broholm; Glarborg, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.01.010

Cited by 73 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, KCl aerosols, from homogeneous nucleation (at low particle loadings) or from heterogeneous condensation on K 2 SO 4 nuclei, are unlikely to form at temperatures above 1100 K. 22 At temperatures below this value, the conversion of the submicrometer particles is limited to below 20%. For particles with diameters larger than 10 μm, the conversion is only a few percent even at very high temperatures.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO₂

Hansen¹,

Bartolomé

Wu³

et al. 2013

Energy Fuels

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The interaction between alkali chloride and sulfur oxides has important implications for deposition and corrosion in combustion of biomass. In the present study, the sulfation of particulate KCl (90−125 μm) by SO 2 was studied in a fixed bed reactor in the temperature range 673−1023 K and with reactant concentrations of 500−3000 ppm SO 2 , 1−20% O 2 , and 4−15% H 2 O. The degree of sulfation was monitored by measuring the formation of HCl. Analysis of the solid residue confirmed that the reaction proceeds according to a shrinking core model and showed the formation of an eutectic at higher temperatures. On the basis of the experimental results, a rate expression for the sulfation reaction was derived. The model compared well with literature data for sulfation of KCl and NaCl, and the results indicate that it may be applied at even higher SO 2 concentrations and temperatures than those of the present study. Simulations of sulfation of KCl particles with different size indicate that only for very small KCl particles, below 1 μm, a considerable in-flight sulfation is achievable at the short gas residence times typical of combustion systems.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO₂

Hansen¹,

Bartolomé

Wu³

et al. 2013

Energy Fuels

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“…The experiments in the laboratory scale tube-reactor imply that the sulfur released from ferric sulfate decomposition is distributed as approximately 40% SO 3 and 60% SO 2 in the temperature range of 700-1000 C. Based on the obtained kinetic parameters and the distribution of sulfur products, a model is proposed to describe the decomposition of ferric sulfate under the conditions of a grate-firing reactor. By combining the ferric sulfate decomposition model with a detailed gas-phase kinetic model of KCl sulfation 35 and a simplified model of K 2 SO 4 condensation, 37 the sulfation of KCl by ferric sulfate addition during grate-firing of biomass is simulated. The simulation results compare favorably with the experimental results obtained in a pilot-scale biomass grate-firing reactor under different dosage of ferric sulfate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rate constant for the process, k condensation 5 1310 261 exp 150; 000=T ð Þ , 37 represents the condensation rate predicted from aerosol theory. 48 …”

Section: Condensation Of K 2 Somentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The condensation of K 2 SO 4 reduces the concentration of gaseous K 2 SO 4 in the flue gas, shifting the partial equilibrium between K 2 SO 4 and its precursors toward K 2 SO 4 , and promoting further sulfation of gaseous KCl. Following the approach of Li et al, 37 the homogeneous and heterogeneous condensation of K 2 SO 4 is approximated by a first-order reaction…”

Section: Condensation Of K 2 Somentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model developed in this work combined a volumetric reaction model for ferric sulfate decomposition with a detailed gas-phase kinetic model for sulfation of potassium chloride, 35 and a simplified model for homogeneous and heterogeneous condensation of potassium sulfate. 37 It was validated by comparison with experimental results from biomass combustion in a pilot-scale grate reactor, where ferric sulfate was injected in different amounts to the post-flame zone. 31 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of ferric sulfate decomposition and sulfation of potassium chloride during grate‐firing of biomass

Jespersen

Frandsen

et al. 2013

AIChE Journal

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in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) Ferric sulfate is used as an additive in biomass combustion to convert the released potassium chloride to the less harmful potassium sulfate. The decomposition of ferric sulfate is studied in a fast heating rate thermogravimetric analyzer and a volumetric reaction model is proposed to describe the process. The yields of sulfur oxides from ferric sulfate decomposition under boiler conditions are investigated experimentally, revealing a distribution of approximately 40% SO 3 and 60% SO 2 . The ferric sulfate decomposition model is combined with a detailed kinetic model of gas-phase KCl sulfation and a model of K 2 SO 4 condensation to simulate the sulfation of KCl by ferric sulfate addition. The simulation results show good agreements with experiments conducted in a biomass grate-firing reactor. The results indicate that the SO 3 released from ferric sulfate decomposition is the main contributor to KCl sulfation and that the effectiveness of ferric sulfate addition is sensitive to the applied temperature conditions. V C 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: [4314][4315][4316][4317][4318][4319][4320][4321][4322][4323][4324] 2013

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Effects of air distribution on furnace temperature and CO/NO/N₂O/SO₂ emissions in a lab‐scale CFB furnace cofiring both biomass/coal and petroleum coke/coal

Yu-feng

Niu

Sun

et al. 2016

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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The effects of air distribution (excess ratio of primary air, ERPA; excess ratio of secondary air, ERSA; and excess ratio of total air, ERTA) on furnace temperature and CO/NO/N 2 O/SO 2 emissions were systematically studied in a 0.2 MW lab-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) furnace cofiring both biomass/coal and petroleum coke/coal. Unlike the ERSA, the high ERPA proved to be conducive to an even temperature distribution along the height of the furnace. As a result of the interaction of the heat release of combustion and endothermic air, a high ERPA equated to a low temperature in the dense phase zone while a low ERSA equated to a high temperature in the dilute phase zone. The generation and transformation of NO/N 2 O/SO 2 depended greatly not only on the N and S contents of the fuel but also on the temperature and ERPA or the oxygen injected into the dense phase zone; the effect of ERSA was minimal. Meanwhile, the concentration of CO was mainly affected by the ERTA. Along with increased ERPA, the concentration of CO decreased, the concentrations of NO and N 2 O increased, and the SO 2 content increased and then decreased. The high petroleum coke cofiring ratio caused high furnace temperature in the dense phase zone and low furnace temperature in the dilute phase zone. In addition, increasing petroleum cofiring ratio resulted in high NO and SO 2 emissions because of the high N and S contents of the fuel. The results provide guidance for both biomass/coal and petroleum coke/coal cofiring in CFB furnace.

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Post-flame gas-phase sulfation of potassium chloride

Cited by 73 publications

References 35 publications

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO₂

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO₂

Modeling of ferric sulfate decomposition and sulfation of potassium chloride during grate‐firing of biomass

Effects of air distribution on furnace temperature and CO/NO/N₂O/SO₂ emissions in a lab‐scale CFB furnace cofiring both biomass/coal and petroleum coke/coal

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Post-flame gas-phase sulfation of potassium chloride

Cited by 73 publications

References 35 publications

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO2

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO2

Modeling of ferric sulfate decomposition and sulfation of potassium chloride during grate‐firing of biomass

Effects of air distribution on furnace temperature and CO/NO/N2O/SO2 emissions in a lab‐scale CFB furnace cofiring both biomass/coal and petroleum coke/coal

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO₂

Sulfation of Condensed Potassium Chloride by SO₂

Effects of air distribution on furnace temperature and CO/NO/N₂O/SO₂ emissions in a lab‐scale CFB furnace cofiring both biomass/coal and petroleum coke/coal