Post-activation Potentiation in Propulsive Force after Specific Swimming Strength Training

Barbosa, Augusto Carvalho; Barroso, Renato; Andries, Orival

doi:10.1055/s-0035-1565050

Cited by 20 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Traditionally, swimmers warm-up is composed of moderateintensity stimuli and short stimuli at high intensity, not exceeding 1,500-m and usually the competition styles are used (Kilduff et al, 2011). Nonetheless, conditioning activity (CA) of highintensity and short-duration has been the focus of attention in swimming, especially in sprint events (Hancock et al, 2015;Sarramian et al, 2015;Barbosa et al, 2016;Cuenca-Fernández et al, 2017;Sanchez-Sanchez et al, 2018). CA is characterized by previous voluntary contractions of the requested musculature in the task of interest from complex exercises with maximum or close to maximum loads (Hodgson et al, 2005;Batista et al, 2007;Cuenca-Fernández et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to propose a conditioning activity (CA) model to stimulate improvement on neuromuscular responses, mechanical parameters and for the 50-m freestyle swimming. Thirteen male swimmers (19 ± 3 years and performances of 77% in relation to World Championship records) performed four CA protocols followed by a maximum performance in the 50-m freestyle. In the first protocol (P1) swimmers performed a standard warm-up (∼15 min); in the second protocol (P2) lunges (3 × 85% of the one-repetition maximum); in the third (P3) pull-ups (3 maximum repetitions) and box jumps 40 cm high and 60 cm deep (1 × 5 with 10% of the corporal weight); and in the fourth protocol (P4) a combination of exercises from the second and third protocols. CA protocols had no effect on the standard warm-up. However, P2 performance (27.01 ± 1.25 s) was similar to P1 (27.01 ± 1.18 s) and presented higher positive effects in mechanical parameters for the swim start performance in comparison to other protocols, contributing to improvements in the 50-m freestyle. In addition, turnaround time also had a negative effect, mainly in P3 (3.12 ± 0.28 s), signaling the improvement of this variable in all protocols (P1: 3.30 ± 0.38 s; P2: 3.17 ± 0.30 s; P4: 3.17 ± 0.34 s). P2 (after: 80 ± 11%; before: 82.7 ± 9.9%) and P3 (after: 82.7 ± 9.9%; before: 85.1 ± 9.7%) presented a possible positive effect on the percentage of voluntary activation in relation to P1 (after: 79.3 ± 10.7%; before: 76.3 ± 12%). In conclusion, the proposed conditioning activity protocols were not efficient for performance improvement in the 50-m freestyle compared to the standard model and seem to specifically influence each phase of the event.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance

et al. 2020

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“…Post-activation potentiation has shown beneficial effects on performance in a wide variety of activities such as maximal voluntary contractions ( Chiu et al, 2003 ), sprint running ( Chatzopoulos et al, 2007 ), and sprinting and jumping ( Mola et al, 2014 ). However, data on the effects of PAP in swimming performance are scant and inconsistent ( Hancock et al, 2015 ; Sarramian et al, 2015 ; Barbosa et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, most of those studies implemented PAP tools without the use of weightlifting, such as short sprints with a power rack ( Hancock et al, 2015 ) or hand paddles and parachute ( Barbosa et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, data on the effects of PAP in swimming performance are scant and inconsistent ( Hancock et al, 2015 ; Sarramian et al, 2015 ; Barbosa et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, most of those studies implemented PAP tools without the use of weightlifting, such as short sprints with a power rack ( Hancock et al, 2015 ) or hand paddles and parachute ( Barbosa et al, 2016 ). PAP commonly occurs after heavy resistance exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Thirty-Second Post-activation Potentiation Exercises Improve the 50-m Freestyle Sprint Performance in Adolescent Swimmers?

Abbes¹,

Chamari

Mujika

et al. 2018

Front. Physiol.

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Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate performance, biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysiological effects of a simple and easily organized post-activation potentiation (PAP) re-warm-up performed before a 50-m freestyle swimming sprint.Methods: Regional level male adolescent swimmers [age: 13.0 ± 2.0 years; (min 11 years – max 15 years)] performed four trial conditions (three experimental, one control) on different days. The control trial involved a standardized 1200-m warm-up followed by 30 min of rest and a maximal 50-m freestyle swimming sprint. The experimental trials involved the same protocol but added a PAP component after a 20-min rest (10 min pre-50-m): The different PAP component involved the subjects in completing a 30-s maximal effort of: (1) push-ups (PU – upper body), (2) squats (SQ – lower body), and (3) burpees (BP – lower and upper body). Performance (time-trial), biomechanical (stroke length, stroke frequency), physiological (blood lactate concentrations, heart rate), and psychophysiological (ratings of perceived exertion) variables were collected.Results: The results demonstrated that the PAP protocols used in this investigation had no effect on swimming performance. Before the 50-m swimming sprint, the lactate values were significantly higher after the PU, BP, and SQ PAP loads compared to the control condition [P(CC-PU) = 0.02; P(CC-BP) = 0.01; P(CC-SQ) = 0.04]. For Lactate values, a significant and large effect of experimental condition compared to control condition was found (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.68). At 1 min after the 50-m time trial, significant differences were observed between the control condition and the different PAP loads [P(CC-PU) = 0.01; P(CC-BP) = 0.04; P(CC-SQ) = 0.01]. At 3 min after the 50-m sprint, significant differences were found between the control condition and the PU and SQ PAP loads [P(CC-PU) = 0.018; P(CC-SQ) = 0.008, respectively]. Additionally, a significant and large effect of experimental condition was found at 1 and 3 min after the 50-m swimming sprint (p < 0.05, η2(1 min) = 0.73; η2(3 min) = 0.59). There were medium sized but non-significant effects of interaction between the conditions, was illustrated for the mean HR values in response to the different conditions (p > 0.05; η2 = 0.083).Conclusion: None of the three PAP protocols showed any significant improvement in performance, biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysiological variables before, during and after the 50-m swimming time-trial. Further studies are warranted to investigate ways to improve swimming performance with simple body mass exercises performed in-between the end of pool warm-up and race start.

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“…On the other hand, the common limitations found in some PAPE-swimming studies are that the conclusive assumptions are based solely on the effects of the CEs on the kinematic variables of swimming (velocity, distance, time, stroke-rate and stroke-length) (13,14,25,26), while the kinetic variables (force, acceleration, impulse, power and RFD) are rarely evaluated or only collected in tethered conditions (i.e. without displacement) (27), which it limits the possibility of exploring the hypothetical performance enhancements caused by the PAPE effects. Thus, this forces a path in which the biological or physiological effects prompted by the CEs could be biased by an inadequate procedure to detect those changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post high intensity pull-over semi-tethered swimming potentiation in national competitive swimmers

Cuenca-Fernández¹,

Batalha²,

Ruiz-Navarro³

et al. 2020

J Sports Med Phys Fitness

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BACKGROUNDː The swimming community has shown considerable interest in using dryland warm-ups as a method of impacting performance. This study compared the effects of high-resistance pullover and swimming warm-up in semi-tethered resisted swimming. METHODSː An incremental-load semi-tethered swimming test was individually administered in 20 national-competitive swimmers to determine the load maximizing swimming power. In different sessions, participants tested such a load 6 min after a swimming warm-up (SWU) or a dry-land warm-up (DLWU: 3 pullover reps at 85% of the one-repetition maximum). Kinetic variables (velocity, force, acceleration, impulse, power rate of force development (RFD) and intra-cycle variation), were obtained with a linear encoder through trapezoidal integration regarding time. Kinematic variables (distance, time, stroke-rate and stroke-length), were obtained by video recordings. The differences between protocols were observed by paired-samples T-test (ANOVA). Pearson's coefficient explored correlations between kinetics and kinematics variables; significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTSː DLWU increased RFD (34.52±16.55 vs. 31.29±13.70 N/s; Δ=9.35%) and stroke-rate (64.70±9.84 vs. 61.56 ± 7.07 Hz; Δ=5.10%) compared to SWU, but decreased velocity, force, acceleration, impulse and power. During the incremental-load test velocity and power were higher than obtained after SWU (1.21±0.14 vs. 1.17±0.12 m/s; Δ=3.06%), (51.38±14.93 vs. 49.98±15.40 W; Δ=2.72%), suggesting enhancements prompted by the test itself. Correlations between stroke-length with impulse (r=0.76) and power (r=0.75) associated kinetics with kinematics. CONCLUSIONSː Potentiation responses were present after the dry-land warm-up. However, swimmers may benefit more from submaximal prolonged conditioning activities such as resisted swimming rather than high-resistance dry-land sets to obtain performance enhancements.

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Post-activation Potentiation in Propulsive Force after Specific Swimming Strength Training

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance

Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance

Do Thirty-Second Post-activation Potentiation Exercises Improve the 50-m Freestyle Sprint Performance in Adolescent Swimmers?

Post high intensity pull-over semi-tethered swimming potentiation in national competitive swimmers

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