Possible Broad Impacts of Long Work Hours

Caruso, Claire C.

doi:10.2486/indhealth.44.531

Cited by 169 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The mechanisms by which long working hours increase the risk of CVD have been explained previously in detail. One possible explanation is that the risk of CVD increases when working long hours because sleep duration decreases, and therefore time for recovery also decreases, creating poor lifestyle habits 19) . Another possible mechanism is that long working hours increase job-related stress 20) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Hours and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Workers: A Case‐control Study

Jeong

Rhie

Kim

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational Health

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ORs in the long-term were 2.90 (95% CI: 1.86−4.52) for working ≤40 hours, 1.73 (95% CI: 1.03−2.90) for working 48.1−52 hours and 3.46 (95% CI: 2.38−5.03) for working >52 hours compared with the 40.1−48-hour working group. Conclusions: Long working hours are related to an increased risk of CVDs, and the degree of risk differs based on CVD subtype. Short working hours are also related to an increased risk for CVDs. More prospective studies targeting specific disease risks are required. (J Occup Health 2013; 55: 385-391)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Hours and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Workers: A Case‐control Study

Jeong

Rhie

Kim

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…However, although several reviews of this field exist (5,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), the few systematic quantifications of the evidence have been based on published cross-sectional (18,19,25) or published longitudinal studies (26). Given the potential publication bias in studies based on published data (27), an individual-participant metaanalysis of unpublished data would provide important complementary evidence to evaluate the effect of long working hours on mental health.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Virtanen¹,

Jokela²,

Madsen³

et al. 2018

Scand J Work Environ Health

156

127

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Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms. MethodsWe searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies.Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1-5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I 2 =45.1%, P=0.004). A strong association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34) or Australia (0.95,. Differences by other characteristics were small. ConclusionsThis observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.Key terms depression; mental health; overtime; psychological distress; working life; working time. Long working hours and depressive symptomsDepression is a leading cause of years lived with disability, contributing to a significant proportion of disease burden worldwide (1). Given that the burden of mental disorders peaks at working age (1), workingage populatio ns are an important target for prevention. There is growing evidence to suggest a link between work characteristics and the onset of depression, with perceived psychosocial work stress being the most often investigated work exposure (2-7).Recently, studies have also focused on long working hours as a potential risk factor for mental disorders (8). However, although several reviews of this field exist (5, 9-24), the few systematic quantifications of the evidence have been based on published cross-sectional (18,19,25) or published longitudinal studies (26). Given the potential publication bias in studies based on published data (27), an individual-participant metaanalysis of unpublished data would provide important complementary evidence to evaluate the effect of long working hours on mental health. Furthermore, long working hours are more common in Asia and North America than in Europe and the risk of mental health problems is higher among women and individuals with low socioeconomic position than men and those with high socioeconomic status. As determinants and mechanisms that harm and protect mental health may also vary by regio...

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“…First, with respect to working structures, sleep disturbances may be associated with or mediated by irregular working schedules. In the United States it is estimated that about one fifth of employees are shift workers 6,7) and lifestyle changes have increased the demand for a 24/7 service, particularly within the service industry 8) . Second, with respect to psychological factors, results from an investigation of 8,700 Japanese local government and transit company employees showed that occupational stress was a possible risk factor for insomnia 9) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep Patterns, Work, and Strain among Young Students in Hospitality and Tourism

et al. 2008

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Objective: Good and sufficient sleep is crucial for a good quality of life. We investigated the associations between sleep patterns, work, and strain among students of hospitality and tourism. Methods: 92 students completed psychological and sleep-related questionnaires, and a sleep/work log for one week. Results: Sleeping hours were inversely correlated with working hours. Decreased sleep quality was associated with increased scores of strain, depression and anxiety. Participants with increased working hours were 3.2 times more likely to report heightened insomnia scores than those with lower weekly working hours. Working on weekends was associated with increased strain with family life and peers. Conclusions: In hospitality and tourism, the employees' 'personal costs' for a 24/7 service may be underestimated; unfavourable work schedules are linked with decreased sleep quality, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and with social problems.

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Possible Broad Impacts of Long Work Hours

Cited by 169 publications

References 73 publications

Working Hours and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Workers: A Case‐control Study

Working Hours and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Workers: A Case‐control Study

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Sleep Patterns, Work, and Strain among Young Students in Hospitality and Tourism

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