In this report, we consider Russian military personnel policies and reforms pursued during the decades prior to Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Our research identifies initiatives undertaken by the Russian Ministry of Defense to professionalize its force within broader ongoing military modernization efforts. With a focus on recruitment, retention, and proficiency, we draw information primarily from Russian-language sources to shed light on recent developments and trends. We seek to fill a gap in Western analysis of the subject and to present new information and analysis for scholars, policymakers, and subject-matter experts.