Positive Skin and Serologic Test Results of Diagnostic Assays for Bovine Tuberculosis and Subsequent Isolation of Mycobacterium interjectum in a Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis)

Bouts, Tim; Vordermeier, Martin; Flach, Edmund; Routh, Andrew

doi:10.1638/2008-0001.1

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…4,17,20,35,46 Anesthesia in this species has been described in more detail elsewhere. Various case reports provide brief descriptions of anesthetic protocols.…”

Section: Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,17,20,35,46 Anesthesia in this species has been described in more detail elsewhere. 3,4,35 Combinations of detomidine or medetomidine with butorphanol have been described, but as in common hippos, pygmy hippos also showed arousal because of stimulation. Etorphine, alone or in combination with acepromazine; azaperone; propionylpromazine; or xylazine were used most commonly.…”

Section: Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus)

Walzer¹,

Stalder²

2015

Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8

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“…4,17,20,35,46 Anesthesia in this species has been described in more detail elsewhere. Various case reports provide brief descriptions of anesthetic protocols.…”

Section: Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus)

Walzer¹,

Stalder²

2015

Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8

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“…NTM can also colonise individuals without developing disease [13], and they have been known to induce non-specific immune response and thereby lead to false positive reactions in tuberculin testing [14-16]. To be able to determine the level and prevalence of NTM infections, it is important to identify the mycobacterial species involved in infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of NTM are opportunistic pathogens, and true inhabitants of the environment found as saprophytes, commensals and symbionts [17] in ecosystems shared between humans and animals [2,14,18]. Soil and natural open water sources are known to contain mycobacteria, and play a key role as sources for human and animal infections [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from pastoral ecosystems of Uganda: Public Health significance

et al. 2011

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BackgroundThe importance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections in humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa at the human-environment-livestock-wildlife interface has recently received increased attention. NTM are environmental opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Recent studies in pastoral ecosystems of Uganda detected NTM in humans with cervical lymphadenitis and cattle with lesions compatible with bovine tuberculosis. However, little is known about the source of these mycobacteria in Uganda. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify NTM in the environment of pastoral communities in Uganda, as well as assess the potential risk factors and the public health significance of NTM in these ecosystems.MethodA total of 310 samples (soil, water and faecal from cattle and pigs) were examined for mycobacteria. Isolates were identified by the INNO-Lipa test and by 16S rDNA sequencing. Additionally, a questionnaire survey involving 231 pastoralists was conducted during sample collection. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics followed by a multivariable logistic regression analysis.ResultsForty-eight isolates of NTM were detected; 25.3% of soil samples, 11.8% of water and 9.1% from animal faecal samples contained mycobacteria. Soils around water sources were the most contaminated with NTM (29.8%). Of these samples, M. fortuitum-peregrinum complex, M. avium complex, M. gordonae, and M. nonchromogenicum were the most frequently detected mycobacteria. Drinking untreated compared to treated water (OR = 33), use of valley dam versus stream water for drinking and other domestic use (OR = 20), sharing of water sources with wild primates compared to antelopes (OR = 4.6), sharing of water sources with domestic animals (OR = 5.3), and close contact with cattle or other domestic animals (OR = 13.8) were the most plausible risk factors for humans to come in contact with NTM in the environment.ConclusionsThe study detected a wide range of potentially pathogenic NTM from the environment around the pastoral communities in Uganda. Drinking untreated water and living in close contact with cattle or other domestic animals may be risk factors associated with the possibility of humans and animals acquiring NTM infections from these ecosystems.

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“…The oral lesions may cause anorexia because of pain. 9,73 In the United States, testing and treatment protocols for elephants with TB have been created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and may be found on the USDA website. Treatment is supportive.…”

Section: Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Proboscidea

Wiedner¹

2015

Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8

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Positive Skin and Serologic Test Results of Diagnostic Assays for Bovine Tuberculosis and Subsequent Isolation of Mycobacterium interjectum in a Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis)

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus)

Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus)

Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from pastoral ecosystems of Uganda: Public Health significance

Proboscidea

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