Positive Effects of Basic Training on Cognitive Performance and Mood of Adult Females

Lieberman, Harris R.; Karl, J. Philip; Niro, Philip J.; Williams, Kelly W.; Farina, Emily K.; Cable, Sonya J.; McClung, James P.

doi:10.1177/0018720813519472

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The 8 week US Army Ranger course increased tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion, and decreased vigor (176); similar disturbances to mood have been reported following just 3 days of sustained military activities in severe energy deficit (∼3,000 kcal•d −1 ) (175,178). US basic military training improved mood for both men and women (166,(184)(185)(186), where energy intake was more likely matched to energy expenditure (124,187). Conversely, women undergoing the 44-week British Army Officer basic military training course had decreased resilience and increased depression (93).…”

Section: Psychologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although impaired cognitive performance coincided with severe energy deficits (173,176,178), and demonstrated recovery with re-feeding (176), laboratory studies demonstrated that 2 days of isolated energy deficit only decreases cognitive performance during exercise (205) and not at rest (191,206). In contrast, components of logical reasoning, working memory, visual reaction time, and vigilance improved in US Army basic military training (185). Additional energy in the form of carbohydrate supplementation maintained vigilance during 1 day of sustained simulated military activity compared with a placebo (188), and promoted recovery of Stroop test performance following special forces survival training (207), although energy status was unreported.…”

Section: Cognitive Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Deficiency in Soldiers: The Risk of the Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Syndromes in the Military

2020

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Military personnel experience energy deficit (total energy expenditure higher than energy intake), particularly during combat training and field exercises where exercising energy expenditures are high and energy intake is reduced. Low energy availability (energy intake minus exercising energy expenditure expressed relative to fat free mass) impairs endocrine function and bone health, as recognized in female athletes as the Female Athlete Triad syndrome. More recently, the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) syndrome encompasses broader health outcomes, physical and cognitive performance, non-athletes, and men. This review summarizes the evidence for the effect of low energy availability and energy deficiency in military training and operations on health and performance outcomes. Energy availability is difficult to measure in free-living individuals but doubly labeled water studies demonstrate high total energy expenditures during military training; studies that have concurrently measured energy intake, or measured body composition changes with DXA, suggest severe and/or prolonged energy deficits. Military training in energy deficit disturbs endocrine and metabolic function, menstrual function, bone health, immune function, gastrointestinal health, iron status, mood, and physical and cognitive performance. There are more data for men than women, and little evidence on the chronic effects of repeated exposures to energy deficit. Military training impairs indices of health and performance, indicative of the Triad and REDS , but the multi-stressor environment makes it difficult to isolate the independent effects of energy deficiency. Studies supplementing with energy to attenuate the energy deficit suggest an independent effect of energy deficiency in the disturbances to metabolic, endocrine and immune function, and physical performance, but randomized controlled trials are lacking.

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Section: Psychologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cognitive Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Deficiency in Soldiers: The Risk of the Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Syndromes in the Military

2020

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“…The POMS has been widely used to investigate mood changes in the civilian population as well as women marines and soldiers during BCT (Lieberman et al, 2014;Lieberman et al, 2008). It has also been used to assess soldiers undergoing rigorous field training in various environmental conditions (Bardwell, Ensign, & Mills, 2003: Johnson, Branch, & McMenemy, 1988Lieberman, Castellani, & Young, 2009), deployed soldiers (Proctor, Heaton, Dos Santos, Rosenman, & Heeren, 2009), and military personnel performing specific military tasks (Johnson & McMenemy, 1989;Knapik et al, 1990).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In several studies with women in Marine and Army BCT, women exhibited significant improvements in mood states over the course of training (Lieberman et al, 2014;Lieberman, Kellogg, & Bathalon, 2008;Lieberman, Kellogg, Kramer, Bathalon, & Lesher, 2012;Margolis et al, 2012;McClung et al, 2009). In one of the studies, various aspects of cognitive performance were examined and significantly improved over BCT (Lieberman et al, 2014). However, most of the studies did not study men, nor did they compare men and women undergoing the same training, or determine in which phases of training the changes in mood occurred.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Mood State and Absence of Sex Differences in Response to the Stress of Army Basic Combat Training

Lieberman

Karl

McClung

et al. 2016

Applied Psych Health & Well

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Background: It is reported that women are more susceptible to stress than men but they have not been compared in stressful, real-world, team-centered, occupational/training environments. This study investigated effects of Army Basic Combat Training (BCT), a structured military training program, on the mood of young adult men and women. Methods: Using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire, 169 soldiers (98 men and 71 women) were assessed prior to starting BCT and after each phase of training. Results: Significant improvements were found in five of six subscales over the course of BCT. Men and women responded positively and similarly to BCT. POMS scores attributable to an interaction of time and each factor of sex, age group, education level, ethnicity, and race were not significantly different. Conclusions: When studied in the same environment and exposed to the same stressors, men and women in this study responded similarly. The positive changes in mood in both sexes during BCT appear to result from the interaction of a structured physical and cognitive training program conducted in a team-oriented environment, and indicate that BCT enhances soldier mood similarly regardless of sex.

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“…For the brain control system, exercise can promote the changes in the excitatory parts of the cerebral cortex, so that the brains of excitement or fatigue are fully relieved. In addition, exercise can not only improve the body's respiratory system, digestive system and circulatory system, but also has a positive effect on the nervous system of adolescents, which is more conducive to suppressing depression (Lieberman, Karl, Niro et al, 2014, Devin, Jenkins, Sax et al, 2018. This paper aims to explore the influence of different intensity exercise on adolescent depression through testing the behaviour data and EEG data of the subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Exercises of Different Intensities on Adolescent Depression

Bai¹,

Wang²,

Li³

et al. 2020

RACP

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Adolescence is a period with high occurrence of depression. Exercises may alleviate adolescent depression, as it makes the respiratory system and cerebral cortex more excitable. This paper mainly explores the changes of electroencephalogram (EGG)-related events in adolescents under the conditions of no-exercise, moderate exercise and high-intensity exercise, and carries out a quick answer test on the subjects. To reduce the pseudoeffects of electrode factors, all electrodes were combined into a virtual electrode, and the N2 and P3 electrodes were independently tested. The results show that 48.07% of the subjects suffered from depression; With the growing intensity of exercise, the response time gradually declined while the correctness rate increased, indicating that the exercises of different intensities can significantly improve the depression of adolescents; under high-intensity exercise, depression is mainly related to the subjects' ability to control attention and the quality of peer communication. The research findings lay the theoretical basis for treating adolescent depression through exercises.

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Positive Effects of Basic Training on Cognitive Performance and Mood of Adult Females

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Energy Deficiency in Soldiers: The Risk of the Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Syndromes in the Military

Energy Deficiency in Soldiers: The Risk of the Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Syndromes in the Military

Improved Mood State and Absence of Sex Differences in Response to the Stress of Army Basic Combat Training

Influence of Exercises of Different Intensities on Adolescent Depression

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