“…Previous studies found that positive psychological capacities such as positive affect (Gilmore et al, 2013), role breadth self-efficacy (Den Hartog and Belschak, 2012), and core self-evaluations (Nübold et al, 2013) may also act as substitutes for transformational leadership. The finding that mindfulness, which is considered to be a trainable metacognitive skill (Hülsheger et al, 2013(Hülsheger et al, , 2015Shapiro et al, 2007), is also able to compensate for a low levels of transformational leadership is an important contribution to the substitutes for leadership theory (Kerr and Jermier, 1978;Podsakoff et al, 1996), providing actionable strategies for organizations seeking to foster employees' intrinsic motivation.…”