Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus

Lloyd, Rhodri S.; Faigenbaum, Avery D.; Stone, Michael H.; Oliver, Jon L.; Jeffreys, Ian; Moody, Jeremy; Brewer, Clive; Pierce, Kyle C.; McCambridge, Teri Metcalf; Howard, Rick; Herrington, Lee; Hainline, Brian; Micheli, Lyle J.; Jaques, Rod; Kraemer, William J.; McBride, Michael G.; Best, Thomas M.; Chu, Donald A.; Alvar, Brent A.; Myer, Gregory D.

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092952

Cited by 361 publications

(465 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…The development of movement compe-tency is characterized by an early bias towards enhancing fundamental movement skills with a transition over time towards a greater emphasis on sport-specific skills. Early exposure to resistance training is supported by research, which shows that muscular strength development from resistance training can enhance physical performance (29), improve markers of health and well-being (such as insulinsensitivity (47) and levels of adiposity (8)) in active and inactive youth, and reduce the risk of sports-related injury ( 17,35,38,55). Additionally, movement skill competency is associated with physical activity engagement and improved measures of health and well-being in both normal and over-weight/obese youth (11,28,32).…”

Section: Athletic Development Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Athletic Development- Part 1

Lloyd

Oliver

Faigenbaum

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Self Cite

176

207

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Section: Athletic Development Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Athletic Development- Part 1

Lloyd

Oliver

Faigenbaum

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Self Cite

176

207

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“…All of these studies involved adults, except Brown and Kimball [13] who examined the retrospective injury epidemiology of 71 adolescent powerlifters aged 14-19 years. For those interested in a more in-depth discussion on the injury risk of weight training for children, the reader should consult any of the following review articles [14][15][16].…”

Section: Search Strategy and Inclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Injuries Across the Weight-Training Sports

2016

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The weight training sports appear to have lower rates of injury than many common team sports.It is however acknowledged that this conclusion may partly reflect some limitations in the weight training sport injury epidemiology literature, primarily study design, diagnosis of injury and changes in risk exposure.Each of the weight training sports tended to have some subtle differences in their injury epidemiology, particularly their proportional injury rates across the various anatomical locations as well as the onset and severity of injury.The intrinsic factors of sex, competitive standard, age and bodyweight class may only have a relatively minor influence on the injury epidemiology of the weight training sports. Weight training injuries AbstractBackground: Weight training sports including weightlifting, powerlifting, bodybuilding, strongman, Highland Games and CrossFit are weight training sports that have separate divisions for males and females of a variety of ages, competitive standards and bodyweight classes. These sports may be considered dangerous due to the heavy loads commonly used in training and competition. Objectives: To systematically review the injury epidemiology of these weight training sports; and where possible gain some insight into whether this may be affected by age, sex, competitive standard and bodyweight class. Methods: An electronic search was performed using PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Embase for injury epidemiology studies involving competitive athletes in these weight training sports. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed journal articles only, with no limit placed on date or language of publication. Risk of bias was assessed in all studies using an adaption of musculoskeletal injury review method. Results: Only five of the 20 eligible studies had a risk of bias score ≥75%; meaning the risk of bias in these five studies was considered low. While 14 of the studies had sample sizes greater in 100 participants, only four studies utilized a prospective design. Bodybuilding had the lowest injury rates (0.12 -0.7 injuries per lifter per year; 0.24 -1 injury per 1000 hours), with strongman (4.5 -6.1 injuries per 1000 hours) and Highland Games (7.5 injuries per 1000 hours) reporting the highest rates.The shoulder, lower back, knee, elbow and wrist/hand were generally the most commonly injured anatomical locations; with strains, tendinitis and sprains the most common injury type.Very few significant differences in any of the injury outcomes were observed as a function of age, sex, competitive standard or bodyweight class. Conclusion: While the majority of the research reviewed utilized retrospective designs, the weight training sports appear to have relatively low rates of injury compared to common team sports. Future weight training sport Weight training injuries injury epidemiology research needs to be improved, particularly with regard to the use of prospective designs, diagnosis of injury and changes in risk exposure.

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“…Practitioner denotes an individual responsible for the athletic development of youth and includes: youth sport coaches, sports administrators, strength and conditioning coaches, physical education teachers, athletic trainers, physiotherapists, and other health care providers. Resistance training refers to a specialized method of conditioning, whereby an individual is working against a wide range of resistive loads to enhance health, fitness, and performance (57). Forms of resistance training include the use of body weight, weight machines, free weights (barbells and dumbbells), elastic bands, and medicine balls.…”

Section: Operational Termsmentioning

confidence: 99%