PoRX: A reputation incentive scheme for blockchain consensus of IIoT

Wang, Eric Ke; Liang, Zhongshuai; Chen, Chien‐Ming; Kumari, Saru; Khan, Muhammad Khurram

doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.08.005

Cited by 132 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Existing consensus protocols have different advantages and drawbacks; consequently, efforts on improving them continue. For example, Tang et al 2019proposed reputation-based mechanisms for PoW protocol in order to incentivise honest mining and Wang et al (2020) presented reputation incentive scheme for industrial IoT.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas works of Andoni et al 2019, Tang et al (2019), Wang et al (2020), and Dinh et al (2018) review the state of the art, improve consensus protocols, and evaluate existing systems, our work presents a framework for identity management and auditing. BFIF framework presented here could be implemented with different technologies discussed in those reviewed works.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Blockchain-based federated identity and auditing

El-Gayyar¹,

ElYamany²,

Grolinger³

et al. 2020

IJBC

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A federated identity is a single identity that enables users to access multiple services across a network of business parties. Such identities are subject to various threats and attacks and face diverse challenges including identity leaks, centralised management, auditing limitations, and long breach investigation processes. This paper proposes a framework aimed at automating and decentralising the generation and auditing of a robust and secured blockchain-based federated identity in a marketplace. Business parties participating in the marketplace form the nodes of a distributed blockchain network and participate in the creation of federated identities. Users of this network can access services provided by any one of the participating parties using a single federated identity. All transactions are fully audited in the blockchain, meaning that participating parties can monitor access to their service and users can trace the use of their identities. The proposed framework has been evaluated using two blockchain technologies (Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric) to measure its performance in public and permissioned blockchain environments.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-based federated identity and auditing

El-Gayyar¹,

ElYamany²,

Grolinger³

et al. 2020

IJBC

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show abstract

“…The first is Proof-of-X (PoX), such as PoW [23], PoS [47], dPoS [48], PoA [49], and PoR [50,51]. Those protocols are usually token-based and mining-based, and do not require much timeliness.…”

Section: Blockchain Consensus Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based Diversion-Point System for Balancing Customer Flow in Shopping Mall

Wang

Liu

et al. 2020

Symmetry

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Changing the store layout of a shopping mall is usually costly in terms of time, resources, and money. Balancing customer flow is obviously an economical way to rationalize the store layout without displacing stores or changing their locations. However, it has long been a big challenge for managers of shopping malls, because it is difficult to build trust among stores for the sake of regulating customer flow. This trust depends on a multi-party cooperation model, of which the agreements are implemented on asymmetric information. Unfortunately, any form of endorsement with human intervention cannot support building trust on asymmetric information. To solve this problem technically, this paper proposes a diversion-point system to dynamically divert part of customer flow from popular stores to less popular ones. The system operates diversion-points and -vouchers on an asymmetric basis. It also employs a Blockchain subsystem to replace the centralized endorsement and preserve the information asymmetry, thereby building trust into the cooperation among customers, the shopping mall, and the stores therein. The evaluation shows that the proposed system is effective in remedying imperfect store layout of the shopping mall.

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“…Although reputation‐based consensus mechanisms are one of the most promising consensus algorithms, they are the least studied. After investigating all reputation‐based consensus algorithms, we found that the proof‐of‐reputation‐X (PoRX), 3 which is one of the most recent reputation‐based consensus algorithms, has the highest potential for being upgraded into becoming permissionless. PoRX is unique because it is not leader‐based, it differentiates between the reputation calculation and other consensus factors (modular), and most importantly it does not require encrypted communication channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Miners can be also called “validators,” “harvestors,” “forgers,” or other names depending on the consensus algorithm. In this article, we will use the term “miners” as in Reference 3 work; the algorithm that we propose to upgrade. When a new transaction appears and needs to be added to the chain, it must be checked and validated by the majority of the nodes in the network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permissionless proof‐of‐reputation‐X: A hybrid reputation‐based consensus algorithm for permissionless blockchains

Abdo

Sibai

Demerjian

2020

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Over the past years, blockchain technology has become more and more interesting since its ability to carry out transactions without any mediator. To ensure the transactions' reliability, consensus algorithms are adopted by blockchain technology. However, due to the failure of consensus algorithms in managing nodes' identities, blockchain technology is considered inappropriate for many applications. In this article, we propose the permissionless proof‐of‐reputation‐X (PL‐PoRX) that upgrades an existing consensus algorithm, the proof‐of‐reputation‐X (PoRX). PL‐PoRX replaces the trusted identity database in PoRX with a new admission process to make the algorithm suitable for permissionless blockchains, while maintaining PoRX's reputation mechanism. Several experiments are conducted to show the efficiency of our approach under different scenarios. We also debate the security model of the new protocol and study its time complexity. The results show that PL‐PoRX decreases the number of blocks issued by malicious miners, and help benign miners build reputation faster.

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PoRX: A reputation incentive scheme for blockchain consensus of IIoT

Cited by 132 publications

References 10 publications

Blockchain-based federated identity and auditing

Blockchain-based federated identity and auditing

Blockchain-Based Diversion-Point System for Balancing Customer Flow in Shopping Mall

Permissionless proof‐of‐reputation‐X: A hybrid reputation‐based consensus algorithm for permissionless blockchains

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