Permissionless proof‐of‐reputation‐X: A hybrid reputation‐based consensus algorithm for permissionless blockchains

Abdo, Jacques Bou; Sibai, Rayane El; Demerjian, Jacques

doi:10.1002/ett.4148

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Again, the Algorand blockchain assumes that there are 2 3 honest users/cryptocurrency-units selected in each step of the consensus round, including block proposal and validation. Hence, while proposing the block in step (r, 1), the probability of a malicious proposer getting selected as the highest priority proposer is 1 3 . One way in which a malicious proposer can harm the blockchain is by proposing a block consisting of transactions associated with malicious activities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, several methodologies integrate the user reputation in the blockchain consensus process with an aim to prevent illicit activities in blockchains. In [1], the authors proposed a permissionless proof of reputation consensus process. The entry for a user aspiring to join is based on a referral by an existing miner.…”

Section: Decentralised Reputation and Trust Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reputation-based PoS for the Restriction of Illicit Activities on Blockchain: Algorand Usecase

Pandey¹,

Agarwal²,

Shukla³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In cryptocurrency-based permissionless blockchain networks, the decentralized structure enables any user to join and operate across different regions. The criminal entities exploit it by using cryptocurrency transactions on the blockchain to facilitate activities such as money laundering, gambling, and ransomware attacks. In recent times, different machine learning-based techniques can detect such criminal elements based on blockchain transaction data. However, there is no provision within the blockchain to deal with such elements. We propose a reputation-based methodology for response to the users detected carrying out the aforementioned illicit activities. We select Algorand blockchain to implement our methodology by incorporating it within the consensus protocol. The theoretical results obtained prove the restriction and exclusion of criminal elements through block proposal rejection and attenuation of the voting power as a validator for such entities. Further, we analyze the efficacy of our method and show that it puts no additional strain on the communication resources.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Decentralised Reputation and Trust Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reputation-based PoS for the Restriction of Illicit Activities on Blockchain: Algorand Usecase

Pandey¹,

Agarwal²,

Shukla³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As part of the consensus of the blockchain system, all the participating nodes must agree on the appended block, so another problem that the system needs to address is when the system splits into multiple nodes with different responses in the verification process. The authors of [ 36 , 37 , 38 ] introduce trust-based consensus protocols with a reputation scoring system; these papers suggest a rating system for the nodes in the network based on their participation in the consensus. An alternate way to calculate a node’s trustworthiness is using the Markov model [ 39 ].…”

Section: Background and Literature Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Blockchain Secured Pharmaceutical Distribution System to Fight Counterfeiting

Zoughalian

Marchang

Ghita

2022

IJERPH

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Counterfeiting drugs has been a global concern for years. Considering the lack of transparency within the current pharmaceutical distribution system, research has shown that blockchain technology is a promising solution for an improved supply chain system. This study aims to explore the current solution proposals for distribution systems using blockchain technology. Based on a literature review on currently proposed solutions, it is identified that the secrecy of the data within the system and nodes’ reputation in decision making has not been considered. The proposed prototype uses a zero-knowledge proof protocol to ensure the integrity of the distributed data. It uses the Markov model to track each node’s ‘reputation score’ based on their interactions to predict the reliability of the nodes in consensus decision making. Analysis of the prototype demonstrates a reliable method in decision making, which concludes with overall improvements in the system’s confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The result indicates that the decision protocol must be significantly considered in a reliable distribution system. It is recommended that the pharmaceutical distribution systems adopt a relevant protocol to design their blockchain solution. Continuous research is required further to increase performance and reliability within blockchain distribution systems.

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“…Whereas the PoS consider the only the amount of stake in electing the node for block creation and validation 31 . Apart from the conventional consensus mechanisms some research works such as Reference 32 have shown interest to present reputation‐based consensus mechanism for permissionless blockchain. Authors in Reference 33 have present a novel proof‐of‐activity consensus mechanism by integrating the conventional PoW and PoW consensus mechanism for refining certain parameters including cost but the inherent nature of PoW prevents it from energy efficiency improvement.…”

Section: Literature Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel game theory based reliable proof‐of‐stake consensus mechanism for blockchain

Bala

Kaur

2022

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The prominent achievement of blockchain technology stimulates exceptional innovation. The major component of blockchain is the consensus mechanism. The standard consensus mechanisms specifically Proof‐of‐Work (PoW) rely on mining procedures and stake‐based mechanisms such as Proof‐of‐Stake (PoS) rely on massive stake investment as the sole criteria for selection of leader nodes. However, PoW impose huge computational power requirements and latter may incorporate malicious nodes as leader nodes in anonymous blockchain. These issues might fuel the way for distrust among the participants in blockchain. Henceforth, a novel game theory based reliable PoS mechanism for blockchain has been proposed. Federated learning has been used to compute trust_score for each node. The nodes are trained on locally generated dataset. Further, a game theoretic approach has been proposed that uses a reward and punishment scheme to ensure threshold level of trust_score maintenance by each node. Finally, a crop insurance use case has been developed with the consensus mechanism and blockchain coded in python. The insurance claims are made to operate through smart contract based mobile app system to impart more authenticity. The system is tested and results show an intrusion accomplishment rate reduced by approximate 40% when compared to the standard PoS mechanism and by approximately 33% for algorand, 29% for ouroboros and 20% for tendermint. The mean absolute error also decreases by 30% within specific time. Furthermore, the proposed federated learning‐based system is compared with basic neural network‐based machine learning model and the results reveal that a significant reduction in average training time amounting to 8.35 second is achieved. Test accuracy has also been analyzed for various learning mechanisms.

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Permissionless proof‐of‐reputation‐X: A hybrid reputation‐based consensus algorithm for permissionless blockchains

Cited by 24 publications

References 78 publications

Reputation-based PoS for the Restriction of Illicit Activities on Blockchain: Algorand Usecase

Reputation-based PoS for the Restriction of Illicit Activities on Blockchain: Algorand Usecase

A Blockchain Secured Pharmaceutical Distribution System to Fight Counterfeiting

A novel game theory based reliable proof‐of‐stake consensus mechanism for blockchain

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