Portuguese version of the COVID-19 perceived risk scale – psychometric study

Abstract

IntroductionRisk perception of COVID-19 is potentially a significant determinant of the pandemic evolution and the public’s response to it. Acceptable levels of risk perception can be considered good for people to effectively fight the pandemic and adopt preventive health behaviors while high levels of risk perception may be damaging. Recently, Yıldırım&Güler (2020) developed the Covid-19 Perceived Risk Scale (C19PRS) to measure this construct.ObjectivesTo analyze the psychometric properties of the C19PRS Portuguese version, namely construct validity, internal consistency and convergent validity.MethodsA community sample of 234 adults (75.6% women; mean age= 29.53±12.51; range:16-71) completed an on-line survey with the Portuguese versions of the CPRS and the Fear of Covid-19 Scale (FCV-19S; Cabaços et al. 2020). The total sample was randomly divided in two sub-samples: sample A (n=117) was used to perform an exploratory factor analysis/EFA; sample B (n=117) to make a confirmatory factor analysis/CFA.ResultsEFA resulted in three components. CFA revealed that the second-order model with three factors presented good fit indexes (X2/df=1.471; CFI=.959; GFI=.948; TLI=.932; p[RMSEA≤.01]=.065). CPRS Cronbach alphas was α=.687; for F1 Worry, F2 Susceptibility to Covid-19 and F3 Susceptibility to Overall Morbimortality were α=.747, α=.813 and α=.543, respectively. The total and dimensional scores significantly correlated with FCV-19S (r>.30, p<.01).ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of CPRS, which will be used in an ongoing research project on the relationship between Covid-19 perceived risk, perfectionism, cognitive processes and adherence to public health measures to contain the pandemic.

e-RetailTest: Scale to Assess the Attitude of Consumers towards E-Commerce in the Retail Sector

“…The e-RetailTest scale was built based on theoretical models that determine customer perceptions of their attitude towards online purchases in the retail sector [22,28,30,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]63,64], therefore, these perceptions are determined, among others, by five variables present in the online purchase process: (a) Quality of web design, for which eight items were established and aimed at measuring the design of the information, specifically, the way in which the information published on the website is organized [37][38][39][40]; (b) Risk at the time of making a purchase, for which four items were established that evaluate the uncertainty and unpredictable consequences that customers experience at the beginning of a purchase process [41,42]; (c) Customer service, determined by three items that evaluate the action that leads to effective communication between the company representative and the online customer [40,[44][45][46]; (d) Security, which has three items and measures the customer's perception of privacy, protection, and trust throughout the purchase process [47][48][49] and (e) Satisfaction, represented by two items that evaluate the positive attitude of the customer regarding the service received and their expectations and that succeeds in promoting repurchase behavior [50]…”

“…At a theoretical level, the e-RetailTest scale contributes to the line of instrumental research by offering a means to measure the attitude to purchase online, specifically in the retail sector, based on current and current theoretical models on the variables related to the purchase process or purchasing online [22,28,30,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]63,64], whose authors state that the attitudes of customers in an online purchase process and their prediction for future purchases can be measured through various evaluations that the customer made from the security during the online purchase process [47][48][49], the risk perceived during the purchase intention [41,42], the ease that the design of the virtual store offers to make the purchase [37][38][39][40], the service received through the different communication channels and the delivery process [40,[44][45][46], and the satisfaction perceived from the online shopping experience [50][51][52][53]. In addition, it is made known that the first version of this instrument was not built to be exclusive to online purchases in the retail sector; however...…”

“…The scale has a total of 20 items that are evaluated using a Likert scale, in a range of 1 to 5 points, corresponding to the categories that go from "totally disagree" to "totally agree", respectively. The scale was developed based on the updated literature regarding the variables present in an online purchase process that impact consumer attitudes, web design quality [28,[37][38][39]54,55], perceived risk [22,30,[41][42][43], customer service [45,50,54,55], safety [41,48], and satisfaction [29,36,37,40,53,55].…”

“…Regarding the instruments that evaluate the attitudes of customers towards online purchases, there are studies that develop scales focused on consumer satisfaction in online purchases through the usability of the web and the perceived risk in the purchase intention [28,30,31]. In addition, other instrumental studies focus on the consumer's shopping experience to assess aesthetics, the purchase process, convenience, product selection, price offerings, and level of service [28].…”