Porous Biomass‐Derived Carbons: Activated Carbons

Dolores, Lozano‐Castell; Juan, Pablo Marco‐Lozar; Falco, Camillo; Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena; Cazorla‐Amorós, Diego

doi:10.1002/9781118622179.ch3

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…As of today, many microporous sorbents are derived from petroleum products or include scarce elements. Consequently, efforts are being made to synthesize sorbents through more sustainable or renewable means. − It is established that carbon-rich materials can be synthesized using platform molecules of biorefineries . 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is such a molecule, , which could also be used in fuel additives, as a monomer, and in the synthesis of other chemical derivatives. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microporous Humins Synthesized in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Using 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural

2018

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A new class of highly porous organic sorbents called microporous humins is presented. These microporous humins are derived from sustainable and industrially abundant resources, have high heat of CO 2 sorption, and could potentially be useful for the separation of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures. Their synthesis involves the polymerization of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) in concentrated sulfuric acid and treatment with diethyl ether and heat. In particular, the porosities were tuned by the heat treatment. HMF is a potential platform chemical from biorefineries and a common intermediate in carbohydrate chemistry. A high uptake of CO 2 (up to 5.27 mmol/g at 0 °C and 1 bar) and high CO 2 -over-N 2 and CO 2 -over-CH 4 selectivities were observed. The microporous humins were aromatic and structurally amorphous, which was shown in a multipronged approach using 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, elemental analysis, and wide-angle X-ray scattering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microporous Humins Synthesized in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Using 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural

2018

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“…The synthesis of carbon nanotubes from plastic by Pol et al is one of the best examples of environmental remediation . Biomasses have been extensively used as precursors for the synthesis of porous and activated carbons via critical steps followed by post activations for application in energy‐related devices . Apart from plant biomass, organically rich human and animal waste also has tremendous potential to generate graphitic carbons .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transforming Hair into Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon with High Surface Area

Chaudhari

Song

2014

Small

143

112

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Herein, a unique approach to dispose of human hair by pyrolizing it in a regulated environment is presented, yielding highly porous, conductive hair carbons with heteroatoms and high surface area. α-keratin in the protein network of hair serves as a precursor for the heteroatoms and carbon. The carbon framework is ingrained with heteroatoms such as nitrogen and sulfur, which otherwise are incorporated externally through energy-intensive, hazardous, chemical reactions using proper organic precursors. This judicious transformation of organic-rich waste not only addresses the disposal issue, but also generates valuable functional carbon materials from the discard. This unique synthesis strategy involving moderate activation and further graphitization enhances the electrical conductivity, while still maintaining the precious heteroatoms. The effect of temperature on the structural and functional properties is studied, and all the as-obtained carbons are applied as metal-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Carbon graphitized at 900 °C emerges as a superior ORR electrocatalyst with excellent electrocatalytic performance, high selectivity, and long durability, demonstrating that hair carbon can be a promising alternative for costly Pt-based electrocatalysts in fuel cells. The ORR performance can be discussed in terms of heteroatom doping, surface properties, and electrical conductivity of the resulting porous hair carbon materials.

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“…Impregnation of the hydrochars was performed by soaking the biochars in the solution of phosphoric acid and continuously stirring inside a pressure reactor (Model: 4500, Parr Instrument Company, Moline, IL) at a temperature of 85°C for 24 h. After the impregnation procedure was over, the impregnated samples were oven dried at a temperature of 103°C for 24 h. The oven dried impregnated samples were thereafter activated using a thermogravimetric analyzer at a temperature of 900°C under nitrogen flow to keep the process inert. Among various activation agents, the H 3 PO 4 has been used on lignocellulosic precursors in the activation temperature ranges between 350 and 650°C . In addition, the H 3 PO 4 has also been used for activation of carbohydrate (sucrose, cellulose, and glucose) derived hydrochars.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it cleans up existing pores. At temperatures higher than 450°C, it combines with carbon structure to form phosphate and polyphosphate bridges, which dilate carbon structure leaving accessible pore structure . In the current research, 900°C was chosen for activation temperature because the goal was to produce pure carbon matrix with enhanced pore structure but limited or no chemical functionality attached to its surface that would promote redox‐reactions during EDLC testing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of activated carbons synthesized from fruit dehydration biowastes for supercapacitor applications

Çiftyürek

Bragg

Oginni

et al. 2018

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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This research documents variability in electrode performance of activated carbons (ACs) produced from two different commercial fruit dehydration wastes through hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation pathway. Commercial spent osmotic solutions (SOSs) from blueberry dehydration (BSOS) and glycerated cherry dehydration (CSOS) waste materials were subjected to hydrothermal carbonization at 250°C under nitrogen conditions for 30 min to extract hydrochars. BSOS‐ and CSOS‐derived hydrochar powders were further activated using phosphoric acid at 900°C to produce ACs. Results showed that the two commercial fruit dehydration wastes resulted in ACs with different pore characteristics, where the AC‐CSOS showed a higher level diversity in mesoporosity in addition higher surface area once compared to AC‐BSOS. The produced ACs were utilized in a symmetrical electrical double layer supercapacitor (EDLCs) to measure their performance as an electrode. The EDLCs fabricated from AC‐CSOS delivered a higher level of performance, where these materials showed up to 48 F/g specific capacity. Overall, the AC electrodes derived from the SOSs were comparable to many bio‐derived electrodes used for EDLCs, but subsequent enhancement to surface chemistry and surface area is required to outperform some of the best ACs and engineered carbon materials in this application. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13030, 2019

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Porous Biomass‐Derived Carbons: Activated Carbons

Cited by 12 publications

References 64 publications

Microporous Humins Synthesized in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Using 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural

Microporous Humins Synthesized in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Using 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural

Transforming Hair into Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon with High Surface Area

Performance of activated carbons synthesized from fruit dehydration biowastes for supercapacitor applications

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