Pore structure analysis of purified, sodium hydroxide-treated and liquid ammonia-treated cotton celluloses

Rowland, Stanley P.; Wade, Clinton P.; Bertoniere, Noelie R.

doi:10.1002/app.1984.070291112

Cited by 55 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…This molecule seems to have a somewhat larger elution volume than expected. The same phenomenon was also reported by Bredereck et al [ 23 ] and other authors [29] for different kinds of cellulosic materials. They suggested that an adsorption effect, probably owing to -OD/-OH exchange is present.…”

Section: Elution Curvessupporting

confidence: 89%

Characterization of hemodialysis membranes by inverse size exclusion chromatography

Broek

Teunis

Bargeman

et al. 1995

Journal of Membrane Science

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Section: Elution Curvessupporting

confidence: 89%

Characterization of hemodialysis membranes by inverse size exclusion chromatography

Broek

Teunis

Bargeman

et al. 1995

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…This treatment changes the crystallite structure from cellulose I to cellulose III. Water absorbency and dyeing properties with the treatment are almost unchanged, despite a considerable decrease in crystallinity [2][3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11].Although the decrease in crystallinity with the customary sodium hydroxide mercerization is smaller than that with the liquid ammonia treatment, dyeing properties increase considerably compared with the liquid ammonia, which greatly contributes to a soft hand [ 13]. Previously, we investigated the effect of liquid ammonia and sodium hydroxide/liquid ammonia treatments on mechanical properties with the KES instrument in relation to fabric hand [ 12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dyeing and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Sodium Hydroxide/Liquid Ammonia and Liquid Ammonia/Sodium Hydroxide

Wakida

Kida

Lee

et al. 2000

Textile Research Journal

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Desized and scoured cotton fabric is treated in a two-step process with sodium hydroxide/ liquid ammonia and liquid ammonia/sodium hydroxide to investigate the effect of the treatment sequence. Crystallinity, moisture regain, water absorbency, dyeability, and KES mechanical properties are measured. Despite a considerable decrease in crystallinity with both treatments, water absorbency decreases with NaOH/NH 3 and increases with NH 3 /NaOH compared with the untreated fabric. Furthermore, the NaOH/NH 3 treatment decreases the early dyeing rate with CI Direct Blue 1, whereas the NH 3 /NaOH treatment increases the rate remarkably compared to the untreated fabric. Nevertheless, saturation dye uptake with the same dye increases with both treatments compared with the untreated. As a measure of fabric hand, shearing and bending hysteresis curves are obtained with a KES instrument. The shearing modulus and shearing hysteresis width of the NaOH/NH 3 treated fabric are much smaller than those of the NH3 treated fabric, while those of the NH 3 /NaOH treated fabric are smaller compared with the NaOH treated fabric. From these results, it is clear that two-step processes such as NaOH/NH 3 and NH 3 /NaOH are much more effective for softening hand than the NH3 and NaOH treatments independently.Liquid ammonia treatment of cotton fabric is known to improve the softness of hand [I]. This treatment changes the crystallite structure from cellulose I to cellulose III. Water absorbency and dyeing properties with the treatment are almost unchanged, despite a considerable decrease in crystallinity [2][3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11].Although the decrease in crystallinity with the customary sodium hydroxide mercerization is smaller than that with the liquid ammonia treatment, dyeing properties increase considerably compared with the liquid ammonia, which greatly contributes to a soft hand [ 13]. Previously, we investigated the effect of liquid ammonia and sodium hydroxide/liquid ammonia treatments on mechanical properties with the KES instrument in relation to fabric hand [ 12]. It is clear that the sodium hydroxide/ liquid ammonia two-step process is much more effective at improving the softness of hand than liquid ammonia individually.In this paper, to obtain the highest hand softness and dyeing properties with a liquid ammonia treatment, we have treated cotton fabric with the following two-step processes-sodium hydroxide/liquid ammonia and liquid ammonia/sodium hydroxide. We have measured dye uptake with Cl Direct Blue 1 and mechanical properties with the t~s instrument, and we compare the effects of two-step processes with those of the sodium hydroxide and liquid ammonia treatments separately. ExperimentalDesized and scoured 40 thread count cotton fabric was mercerized with 20% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for 1 minute at 20°C using a practical range and then treated with liquid ammonia (NH3) for 2 seconds at -33.4°C, also using a practical range to produce NaOH/ NH3 and NH3/NaOH treated cottons.The crystallinity of cotton fibers treate...

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“…Mercerized fibers are more reactive to aqueous chemical reagents and are more accessible to dye molecules. Rowland et al (20) measured the increase in pore volume for natural and mercerized cotton, finding that mercerization increased the pore volume by 45-55%. They found less difference in the pore volume occupied by higher molecular weight molecules.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Lipid soil removal from cotton fabric after mercerization and carboxymethylation finishing

Obendorf¹,

Borsa²

2001

J Surfact & Detergents

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Soiling and soil removal from cotton fabrics that had been chemically modified by mercerization and carboxymethylation were studied using electron microscopy and radiotracer techniques. The distribution of lard soil in specimens before and after laundering was determined by means of chemical tagging with osmium tetroxide. Both the chemical and physical changes of the cotton resulted in differences in soiling and soil removal of lipid soil. Mercerization and carboxymethylation of cotton swell the cotton fiber, decrease the crenulation and the lumen, and smooth the fiber surface. These finishes also increase the pore volume and thus the chemical accessibility of the fibrillar structure. In addition, carboxymethylation causes changes in the chemistry of the fiber by increasing the carboxyl group content. These structural changes reduce the amount of soil deposited in the lumen of the fiber, particularly for the carboxymethylated cotton. They also increase soil removal from the crenulation and the interfiber spaces in the yarn bundle. Soil removal from fiber surfaces and from within the fiber-both lumen and secondary wall-was highest for the carboxymethylated cotton, and mercerization also enhanced lipid soil removal. The results of this experiment indicate that chemical accessibility and hydrophilicity of the fiber structure influence both soil deposition and soil removal of lipid soils. Soil removal of these modified cottons is enhanced by multiple mechanisms: (i) the decrease in small crevices and the crenulation or small capillary along the fiber, (ii) the increase in pore volume that enhances chemical accessibility and thus detergency within the fiber structure, (iii) the increase in hydrophilicity that enhances soil removal from the surface by the roll-up mechanism, (iv) the increase of mechanical action due to enhanced swelling of the carboxymethylated cotton, and (v) the reduction of soil redeposition on carboxymethylated surfaces.

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Pore structure analysis of purified, sodium hydroxide-treated and liquid ammonia-treated cotton celluloses

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of hemodialysis membranes by inverse size exclusion chromatography

Characterization of hemodialysis membranes by inverse size exclusion chromatography

Dyeing and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Sodium Hydroxide/Liquid Ammonia and Liquid Ammonia/Sodium Hydroxide

Lipid soil removal from cotton fabric after mercerization and carboxymethylation finishing

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