Population Density and Spatial Patterns of Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya

Ren, Hang; Guo, Wei; Zhang, Zhenke; Kisovi, Leonard M.; Das, P. N. Mohan

doi:10.3390/su12187717

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…KM each with 5 administrative wards [22]. The two constituencies constitute mainly of a cosmopolitan population, which live in semi-urban regions with a few of the residents of Dagoretti South mainly engaging in subsistence farming while the majority of those in Dagoretti North are mainly practicing small and medium enterprises [22,23]. The study setting is a relatively stable population, although it receives some migrant population from all regions in the country [22] Participants for the study were purposively sampled from the low-income informal settlements in Kawangware, Uthiru, Ruthimitu, Mutuini, Kabiro and Gatina wards of Dagoretti North and South constituencies.…”

Section: Setting and Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer perceptions of food safety in animal source foods choice and consumption in Nairobi’s informal settlements

et al. 2021

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Background Animal-source foods (ASFs) are high-quality nutrient-dense products key to reducing stunting and micronutrient deficiencies. However, their consumption among the poorest households in urban informal settlements is low. Several drivers beyond price, including health considerations have been reported to drive ASF choice and consumption among consumers. This current study explores consumer perceptions of food safety associated with animal source foods (ASFs) consumption in urban informal settlements with a view to unpacking the health considerations driving their choice and consumption. Methods Coupled households with children 6–59 months formed the study sample. The Food Environments Working Group (FEWG) Framework of the Agriculture and Nutrition for Health academy (ANH) was used to guide the study which utilized qualitative methods namely, 60 in-depth interviews (IDIs), 19 focus group discussions, and 19 key informant interviews (KIIs) complemented by unstructured observations. Data were transcribed and analysed according to emerging themes. Results Consumer perceptions of food safety are driven by concerns about food production, processing, handling, storage and the health risks associated with consumption of the ASFs. For all the ASFs, lack of traceability of source, unhygienic environments in which they were sold and health risks around consuming too much or improperly cooked products were key perceptions from the community. To mitigate against food safety risks, consumers used strategies such as boiling the ASFs, purchasing their products from trusted retailers, avoiding vendors in unhygienic environments and reducing the amount and frequency of consumption of ASFs or totally avoiding their consumption. These consumer perceptions are increasingly influencing the ASFs choice and consumption in low-income populations besides other drivers. Notably, given limited incomes that influence their purchasing power and the need for nutritious diets that included ASFs, the dilemma of quality vis-a-vis quantity persists and consumers still accessed and consumed these ASF products to supplement their diets. Conclusions To enhance food safety for ASFs, as well as assure consumer access to safe ASFs from informal markets, there is need to contextualize the value chain as informed by consumer perceptions on food safety as these influence their ASFs choice and consumption.

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Section: Setting and Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer perceptions of food safety in animal source foods choice and consumption in Nairobi’s informal settlements

et al. 2021

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“…There exist deforming locations that can not be linked to overexploitation of underground water, for instance, location a' which was found to deform during both the observations period lies within the flood plain of River Ngong. The region is the largest informal settlement in Kenya with an approximate population of 300,000 (Ndemo, 2020;Ren et al, 2020). It was previously marshland land (Ngugi et al, 2012) and has been known to flood (Mulligan et al, 2016).…”

Section: Other Causative Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nairobi City, the capital city of Kenya is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa (Ren et al, 2020). The current population of Nairobi city stands at 4.3 million as per the 2019 census (KNBS, 2019) which represents a growth of approximately 250% during the last three decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination and Analysis of Land Deformation in Nairobi City County Based ALOS/Palsar and Sentinel-1 InSAR Processing

Kirui¹,

Oiro²,

Waithaka³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Nairobi city is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. The rapid development has put pressure on the existing resources such as water resulting in overexploitation of groundwater. Nairobi had been reported to be susceptible to environmental hazards such as subsidence associated with the overexploitation of groundwater due to depletion of its aquifer. However, the subsidence has not been empirically quantified because Kenya lacks a functioning deformation monitoring framework. Through the use of InSAR, land subsidence in Nairobi was spatially quantified for the first time that confirms fears of subsidence as suggested by previous hydrogeological studies. We observed an increase in the spatial extends and the rates of subsidence, the highest rate of subsidence being approx. 62mm/yr located in the largest deforming area West of Nairobi. The deformation can majorly be linked to overexploitation of groundwater as it matches with regions with the highest rate of decline of groundwater levels. However, there exist also subsidence linked to rapid development. Given the significance of Nairobi to the Kenyan economy, the ripple effects of subsidence could be devastating and measures need to be taken to mitigate them. The deformation map provides an important tool for planning mitigation measures to prevent further deformation such as regulating the drilling of boreholes, planning of construction of buildings and transport networks, and locations for the observation wells for monitoring groundwater levels. It also reinforces the need for updating the geodetic network that has been rendered unreliable due to land subsidence.

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“…Luo et al try to model population density using a new index derived from multi-sensor image data, and then a case study is implemented using the data of Sichuan Province, China in 2015 [12]. Ren et al performed the processing of the population density grid data of Nairobi, Kenya for 2000 and 2020, to analyze population density and spatial patterns of informal settlements based on the Clark model, the Newling model and the McMillen model [13]. In recent years, the research on urban population density and urban growth in European and American countries continues to make progress, accompanied by the improvement of methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Urban Growth and Socio-Spatial Dynamics of Hangzhou, China: 1964–2010

Feng

Chen

2021

Sustainability

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Urban population density provides a good perspective for understanding urban growth and socio-spatial dynamics. Based on sub-district data of the five national censuses in 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010, this paper is devoted to analyzing of urban growth and the spatial restructuring of the population in the city of Hangzhou, China. Research methods are based on mathematical modeling and field investigation. The modeling result shows that the negative exponential function and the power-exponential function can be well fitted to Hangzhou’s observational data of urban density. The negative exponential model reflects the expected state, while the power-exponential model reflects the real state of urban density distribution. The parameters of these models are linearly correlated to the spatial information entropy of population distribution. The fact that the density gradient in the negative exponential function flattened in the 1990s and 2000s is closely related to the development of suburbanization. In terms of investigation materials and the changing trend of model parameters, we can reveal the spatio-temporal features of Hangzhou’s urban growth. The main conclusions can be reached as follows. The policy of reformation and opening-up and the establishment of a market economy improved the development mode of Hangzhou. As long as a city has a good social and economic environment, it will automatically tend to the optimal state through self-organization.

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Population Density and Spatial Patterns of Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya

Cited by 29 publications

References 43 publications

Consumer perceptions of food safety in animal source foods choice and consumption in Nairobi’s informal settlements

Consumer perceptions of food safety in animal source foods choice and consumption in Nairobi’s informal settlements

Determination and Analysis of Land Deformation in Nairobi City County Based ALOS/Palsar and Sentinel-1 InSAR Processing

Modeling Urban Growth and Socio-Spatial Dynamics of Hangzhou, China: 1964–2010

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