Pond-In-Pond: An alternative system for wastewater treatment for reuse

2-D modeling to understand the design configuration and flow dynamics of Pond-In-Pond (PIP) wastewater treatment system for reuse

“…Ponds used for treating municipal wastewater range from aerobic to facultative to anaerobic [28] and several procedures have been developed to design these various types of ponds [29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. Numerous studies [16,36,37] have been done on different pond systems and existing design criteria and their limitations. Many of these pond designs have been in existence for decades, yet there is a lack of design specifications with respect to pond performance.…”

“…Many of these pond designs have been in existence for decades, yet there is a lack of design specifications with respect to pond performance. Also, there exist strong contradictory viewpoints regarding pond dimensions as they relate to pond performance [16]. This clearly illustrates that existing knowledge on the design of ponds is inadequate and that more research is required to develop an effective pond design procedure.…”

“…One of the potentially viable and sustainable treatment technologies could be a simple, low-cost, and low-maintenance natural treatment system known as Pond-In-Pond (PIP). The PIP is a treatment technology in which the two types of ponds--anaerobic and aerobic--are combined into a single pond [16,28,38]. The PIP system combines the functionality of two different ponds and provides more efficient conversion of wastewater, including high-strength waste, to end products through the synergistic relationships of the various microorganisms' present.…”

“…For land application systems, the effluent quality is less stringent, usually 2-3 times higher than that required for stream discharge [15,16] thus, the need for expensive advanced wastewater treatment facilities can be diminished through reuse. Considering the reduced cost in treatment plant construction for reuse systems, billions more in capital costs could be saved in the future as the population continues to grow.…”

Article of Review on Computational Analysis on Performance of Solar Pond using Polycrystalline Material

“…Generally speaking, fins are usually used in the solar stills in order to reduce the water's preheating time and achieve positive water and also to attain cover temperature of inner glass during morning hours for increase in the distillate output. Adhikari et al (2020) [2] introduced many approaches of ponds design and suggested use of Pond-In-Pond (PIP) VOL.7, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2021 approach as a more apt design for the purpose of reusing, PIP is mostly the integration of two sorts of ponds :-aerobic and anaerobic. Anagnostopoulos et al (2020) [3] Developed a CFD simulated model in its work in order to obtain an all over versatile which is practically applicable to most practical scenario.…”