Polyviologen Hydrogel with High-Rate Capability for Anodes toward an Aqueous Electrolyte-Type and Organic-Based Rechargeable Device

Abstract

A highly cross-linked polyviologen hydrogel, poly(tripyridiniomesitylene) (PTPM), has been designed as an anode-active material. It displays a reversible two-electron redox capability at -0.4 and -0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl in an aqueous electrolyte. The PTPM layer coated on a current collector by electropolymerization via a 4-cyanopyridinium electro-coupling reaction demonstrates a rapid charging-discharging reaction with a redox capacity comparable to that obtainable using the formula weight-based theoretical density, because of the combination of the redox-active viologen moieties built into the hydrogel. A test cell that has been fabricated using the developed PTPM anode, a poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl acrylamide) (PTAm)-based cathode, and an aqueous electrolyte exhibits a discharging voltage of 1.1 and 1.5 V, and has proven its ability to be recharged more than 2000 times.

High‐Power Electrochemical Energy Storage System Employing Stable Radical Pseudocapacitors

“…From this linear dependence, the diffusion constants of radicals 1-3 were estimated as about 10 À10 cm 2 s À1 , which is very close to that of nitroxide radicals (about 10 À10 cm 2 s À1 ). [14] These radical compounds exhibited much larger diffusion constants than those of the cathode-active materials commonly used in lithium-ion batteries (about 10 À14 cm 2 s À1 ), [15] suggesting that radicals 1-3 may possess high power and rapid charge-discharge properties. The peak separations at the same sweep rate followed the order 3 > 2 > 1, implying that the reduction and oxidation reaction rates followed the reverse order, 1 > 2 > 3.…”

Impact of Charge Transport Dynamics and Conditioning on Cycling Efficiency within Single Redox Active Colloids

“…dation while in the charged state. [12] Viologen redox-active polymers are expected to eject counterions during reduction [51,52] and our results could be explained as a higher difficulty for ion reentry during re-oxidation. For these measurements, only the peak intensity for the strongest peak, 1530 cm À1 , was tracked with a 5 s acquisition time.…”

A facile one step electrostatically driven electrocodeposition of polyviologen–reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite films for enhanced electrochromic performance

“…In last few years, researchers have developed different derivatives of polymers bearing viologen side groups by playing with synthesis methods [10]. Polyviologen materials possess viologen as repeating unit in its backbone which might be helpful in exploring wideranging applications related to viologen materials [11,12]. Researchers have also synthesized viologen precursors which have been functionalized with conjugated groups in order to provide some conducting properties to the resulting structure [13,14].…”