Polyurethane‐incorporated chitosan/alginate core–shell nano‐particles for controlled oral insulin delivery

Abstract

Chitosan (CS) and polyurethane-chitosan (PU-CS) nano-particles (NPs) were prepared for the core formation by complex coacervation method whereas alginate (ALG) and PU-ALG were crosslinked by ionic gelation method to form the protective shelllayer over the core. Effects of PU incorporation either within the core or shell or both were investigated by different in vitro and in vivo parameters. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of different compositions of nano-particles showed distinct characteristic peaks for CS, PU, and ALG, indicating their presence in variable ratios. Significance of polyurethane-incorporated systems towards insulin encapsulation efficiency, swelling parameters, insulin release, and in vivo pharmacological effect were also studied. Particle sizes, zeta potential, morphological analysis, mucoadhesion study, and in vivo acute toxicity studies of these core-shell nanoparticles were also performed. Bioavailability of insulin ranged from 9.04% to 11.6% for polyurethane-incorporated chitosan-alginate core-shell nano-particle formulations which was significantly higher than the insulin bioavailability of basic CS/ALG core-shell nanoparticle system.

Size-dependent bioactivity of electrosprayed core–shell chitosan-alginate particles for protein delivery

“…Logically, the slightly faster protein release from nanoparticles can be attributed to the higher surface area in the nanoscale, leading to increased interaction with dissolution media and enhancing water permeation. Some studies have reported drug release (i.e., insulin and naringenin) from core–shell chitosan-alginate particles, indicating the sensitivity of the core–shell to the pH of media for oral delivery application 22 , 24 . In contrast, the sequential sustained drug release from core–shell particles was just investigated in physiological pH for tissue engineering purposes.…”

Development of orally administered insulin-loaded polymeric-oligonucleotide nanoparticles: statistical optimization and physicochemical characterization

“…Previous studies showed that polymeric nanoparticle presented satisfactory safety profile and negligible toxicity [8,53,99,100]. For instance, the lyophilized insulin-loaded modified chitosan nanoparticles did not show any toxicity in GI cells after being treated for 3 h [8].…”

Recent Advancements in Using Polymers for Intestinal Mucoadhesion and Mucopenetration

“…For instance, the encapsulation of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus into alginate and chitosan‐alginate microspheres resulted in not only a slightly better mucoadhesion rate, but also in a 1.7× improved survival rate of the encapsulated probiotic compared to the free Lactobacillus acidophilus after 2 h exposure to simulated gastric fluid 50. In an another study, Bhattacharyya et al51 showed that 86–91% of polyurethane‐modified chitosan and alginate nanoparticles were found to adhere to mouse intestines after 30 min washing with continuous buffer flow. Furthermore, ≈10% insulin bioavailability in mice after oral administration was found when using these particles as carriers.…”