“…Specific candidates for induction and stimulation of autophagy include: insulin deficiency/resistance (Barrett et al, 1982; Evans et al, 2005; Hoffman et al, 2010; Yu et al, 2008); deficiency of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) (Bains et al, 2011; Cinaz et al, 1996; Hoffman et al, 2010); hyperglucagonemia (Schworer and Mortimore, 1979); and hyperglycemia (Liu et al, 2010). Based on the expression of 8OHG and NT (Greenacre and Ischiropoulos, 2001; Hoffman et al, 2011; Nunomura et al, 2006) other candidates for perturbation of autophagy include: alteration of protein synthesis and degradation (Ding et al, 2007) due to the oxidative stress of RNA (Castellani et al, 2008; Hoffman et al, 2011), protein damage, altered lipid metabolism (Decsi et al, 2005; Kim et al, 2007; Singh et al, 2009); increased production of ketones and aldehydes (Finn and Dice, 2005; Hill et al, 2008; Wood et al, 2006) and lipid peroxidation (Hoffman et al, 2011; Kostolanska et al, 2009; Lee et al, 2002; Muller et al, 2011). …”