Polysaccharide Fabrication Platforms and Biocompatibility Assessment as Candidate Wound Dressing Materials

Abstract

Wound dressings are critical for wound care because they provide a physical barrier between the injury site and outside environment, preventing further damage or infection. Wound dressings also manage and even encourage the wound healing process for proper recovery. Polysaccharide biopolymers are slowly becoming popular as modern wound dressings materials because they are naturally derived, highly abundant, inexpensive, absorbent, non-toxic and non-immunogenic. Polysaccharide biopolymers have also been processed into biomimetic platforms that offer a bioactive component in wound dressings that aid the healing process. This review primarily focuses on the fabrication and biocompatibility assessment of polysaccharide materials. Specifically, fabrication platforms such as electrospun fibers and hydrogels, their fabrication considerations and popular polysaccharides such as chitosan, alginate, and hyaluronic acid among emerging options such as arabinoxylan are discussed. A survey of biocompatibility and bioactive molecule release studies, leveraging polysaccharide’s naturally derived properties, is highlighted in the text, while challenges and future directions for wound dressing development using emerging fabrication techniques such as 3D bioprinting are outlined in the conclusion. This paper aims to encourage further investigation and open up new, disruptive avenues for polysaccharides in wound dressing material development.

Plant-Derived Biomaterials: A Review of 3D Bioprinting and Biomedical Applications

“…Antimicrobial variants has been created based upon a combination of alginate and chitosan nanoparticles (Karri et al, 2016), high concentration M based alginate aerogels with an amidated pectin and doxycycline core (De Cicco et al, 2016), and combining alginate and calcium fluorine in a nanocomposite hydrogel, which inhibit bacterial growth and promotion cell proliferation for wound healing (Shin et al, 2019). 3D bioprinting personalized wound dressings holds the potential for the dressings to be printed as biomimics of the defect site, this may be achievable by seeding with skin, fat or muscle cells and/growth factors in order to augment the healing process (Aduba and Yang, 2017) and would also enable the controlled microspatial placement of antimicrobial agents.…”

Hyaluronan-Based Nanofibers: Fabrication, Characterization and Application

“…Polymer fibers obtained via electrospinning process had a little worldwide scientific and industrial interest until the 1990s; after that the researchers recognized the significant potential of the electrospun fibers [17,50]. Nevertheless, first electrospun non-woven fibers as wound dressing material were patented by Anton Formhals in 1934 [51,52]. Air Petryanov filters developed in the USSR in 1939 are an example of the first effective commercial application of an electrospun product with industrial production [53,54].…”

Engineered 3D Polymer and Hydrogel Microenvironments for Cell Culture Applications

“…Concerning light-assisted fabrication of chitosan/PCL/PEGDA composite, tuning the concentration of chitosan allows the composite scaffold to be made more biocompatible [185], where 10 and 15% chitosan specimens showed significantly higher cell viability compared to 0 and 5% chitosan. Other composites include chitosan/polyelectrolyte gelatin for wound dressings [232] and skin tissue engineering [231], chitosan/agarose/alginate with induced pluripotent stem cells for human neural tissue engineering [233], hydroxybutyl chitosan and oxidized chondroitin sulphate for articular cartilage tissue engineering [234], and chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogel as part of asymmetric membranes used as skin constructs [235].…”

“…Hyaluronic acid (4.3.1) [207][208][209]; Inclusion of GelMA, feature size 500 µm [210]; Cryogel E: 2-2.5 kPa [211]; Post-curing via UV, E: 1.3-10.6 kPa [213] Feature size 300 µm (SLA) [214]; Compressive E: 780 kPa [215] Cartilage tissue engineering and human adipose stem cells [215]; stromal cell elongation and drug screening [209]; retinal cell culturing [216]; hMSCs [217]; human adipose progenitor and stromal cells [211]; Schwann cells [219] Chitosan (4.3.2) [222,223]; Feature size 50 µm [224] [225,226]; Feature size 50 µm (SLA), E: 160-680 kPa [173]; Feature size 400 nm (TPP) [228]; Inclusion of HA [229] Anti-bacterial [230,231]; wound dressings [232]; skin tissue engineering [231]; bone tissue engineering [229]; pluripotent stem cells for neural tissue engineering [233]; articular cartilage tissue engineering [234]; skin constructs [235] Alginate (4.3.3)…”