Polypyrrole DNA Chip on a Silicon Device: Example of Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping

Fabrication of Oligonucleotide Chips by Using Parallel Cantilever‐Based Electrochemical Deposition in Picoliter Volumes

“…3, case a), the recorded signal is rather weak (an average background signal of 40 against an average spot fluorescence intensity of 60 in a 256 grey-level scale) because the contrast (calculated as the ratio (signal -background)/background) does not exceed 0.5. Indeed, these electrodeposition conditions were initially optimized for the modification of gold microelectrodes immersed in large tank of electrosynthesis solution (i.e., the MICAM process [10,17] ). The configuration is markedly different for the electrochemical nanocells described herein with regard to mass transfer, interfacial availability of monomer units, electrosynthesis volume, and physico-chemical behavior (including electrolyte evaporation and substrate wettability).…”

“…[16] The electrodeposition process was performed on the basis of previously described work, [15][16][17][18][19] using an electrolytic aqueous solution containing sodium phosphate-buffered saline (0.05 M phosphate buffer, 0.05 M NaCl, 10 % (v/v) glycerol at pH 6.8; referred to as electrolyte A) as the supporting electrolyte, pyrrole (Py), and pyrrole-ODN at concentrations of 20 mM and 1 lM, respectively. As depicted in Scheme 2, corresponding fluorescence images were obtained after hybridization with complementary biotinylated oligonucleotides and subsequent recognition using streptavidin-phycoerythryn as a fluorescent label.…”

Gene chips and arrays revealed: a primer on their power and their uses

“…Brown and Hartwell (1998) discuss the application of genome-wide surveys of gene expression to human biology. Other published information on topics as diverse as AIDS viral typing, (Kozal et al 1996) hepatitis (Livache et al 1998), and breast cancer genes (Hacia et al 1996) say the methods have a few problems but generally work very well. The successes argue for a robust expansion of their use, perhaps even an exponential expansion.…”

Bio-Microarray Fabrication Techniques—A Review

“…Livache et al 44,45 demonstrated immobilization of DNA in a microarray by electrochemical means. By sequentially activating 50 × 50 µm gold electrodes fabricated on silicon, a mixture of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) and PPy modified by a specific oligonucleotide probe is electrooxidized which results in copolymerization of a PPy film carrying covalently linked oligonucleotides immobilized onto the electrodes.…”