Polyphosphates as Inhibitors for Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation

Ahmed, Dina S.; El‐Hiti, Gamal A.; Yousif, Emad; Hameed, Ayad S.

doi:10.3390/molecules22111849

Cited by 48 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The substituents on the synthesized tin complexes are varied to include aliphatic (butyl groups) or aromatic substituents (phenyl groups). Recently, various additives (Figure 1), including polyphosphates [18][19][20], Schiff bases [21][22][23][24][25], aromatic compounds [26,27], and organic-metal complexes [28][29][30][31], were investigated for use as PVC stabilizers. Some success has been achieved; however, research into the design of new and efficient PVC stabilizers for use on the commercial scale is ongoing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes

et al. 2020

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Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.Polymers 2020, 12, 969 2 of 18 retardants [4]. In addition, PVC has good mechanical and chemical properties, is easy to produce in large quantitates, and resists ecological strain cracking [5].The performance of PVC can be enhanced by incorporating additives to enable its use in outdoor applications. PVC can be mixed with plasticisers to enable the production of flexible polymeric materials for certain applications [4,5]. PVC undergoes gradual degradation in harsh environments, such as under exposure to heat and direct ultraviolet (UV) light for a long period [6]. The degradation of PVC leads to a reduction in its mechanical integrity, change in color, and formation of micro-cracks within the surface. Therefore, PVC cannot be used on its own and must be combined with stabilizers to enhance its photostability [7]. The additives should be easy and cheap to produce and well incorporated within the PVC polymeric chains. Further, the additives should not alter the color of PVC and should be non-volatile, chemically stable, non-toxic, and should not pollute the surrounding environment. The most common PVC industrial additives act as smoke suppressors, flame retardants, thermal and impact modifiers, heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, screeners, absorbers, and free radical scavengers [8][9][10]. PVC stabilizers are classified into various types [8], that is, primary stabilizers that deactivate the allylic chlorides that are generated in the photodegradation of the polymeric chains and secondary additives that act as scavengers of chloride radicals and hydrogen chloride [11]. Many non-toxic organic materials have been used as PVC additives [12].bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate (Figure 1) can be obtained from phthalic acid and has been used as a PVC plasticizer in the past. It is non-volatile, oily, has a low production cost, and is compatible with PVC [8]. However, the safety and health hazards associ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes

et al. 2020

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“…Even though, PVC poor flexibility and durability limits its application in industry field [1]. Many new stabilizers have been synthesized to mix with PVC to achieve the excellent flexibility such as Schiff bases [2][3][4], organotin complexes [5,6] and polyphosphates [7]. However, these stabilizers have effect on the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of UV Aging on the Structure of PVC in the Presence of Organotin(IV) Compounds

Bufaroosha

Salih

Hadi

et al. 2020

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“…Another mechanism for the ring of triazole in this compound is as UV absorber [35] and it plays an important role in the mechanism of stabilizing process, it dissipates the UV energy to harmless energy such as heat. The Nickel chelate complex also shows radical scavengers mechanism by energy transfer through formation unreactive charge transfer complexes between the metal chelate and excited state of the chromophore (POO . )…”

Section: Photostabilization Suggested Mechanisms For Ps Films By Ni (mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Nickel chelate complex also shows radical scavengers mechanism by energy transfer through formation unreactive charge transfer complexes between the metal chelate and excited state of the chromophore (POO . ) so the stabilization activity is caused by resonating structures [35] as in Fig. (19) below: Fig.…”

Section: Photostabilization Suggested Mechanisms For Ps Films By Ni (mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photochemical Study of Different Thicknesses of Polystyrene Films Containing Ni(II) Complex against photodegradation

Haddad¹

2019

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Ni (II) with 4-amino-5-(pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiolcomplex was synthesized and used as a photostabilizer for polystyrene (PS) films. Polystyrene has been dissolved with Ni (II) complex in chloroform solvent to form PS films in different thickness (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 μm), which containing 0.5 w\v% concentration, and casting method was used to remove chloroform. The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined by monitoring the carbonyl index, weight loss method with irradiation time and morphology study. There are several mechanisms were predict according to the results acquired, depending on the structure of the complex: a) UV. absorber or screening, b) peroxide decomposer, and c) radical scavengers.

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Polyphosphates as Inhibitors for Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation

Cited by 48 publications

References 51 publications

Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes

Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes

The Effect of UV Aging on the Structure of PVC in the Presence of Organotin(IV) Compounds

Photochemical Study of Different Thicknesses of Polystyrene Films Containing Ni(II) Complex against photodegradation

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