Polyphenol‐Containing Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Therapeutic Delivery

Abstract

Polyphenols, the phenolic hydroxyl group-containing organic molecules, are widely found in natural plants and have shown beneficial effects on human health. Recently, polyphenol-containing nanoparticles have attracted extensive research attention due to their antioxidation property, anticancer activity, and universal adherent affinity, and thus have shown great promise in the preparation, stabilization, and modification of multifunctional nanoassemblies for bioimaging, therapeutic delivery, and other biomedical applications. Additionally, the metal−polyphenol networks, formed by the coordination interactions between polyphenols and metal ions, have been used to prepare an important class of polyphenol-containing nanoparticles for surface modification, bioimaging, drug delivery, and disease treatments. By focusing on the interactions between polyphenols and different materials (e.g., metal ions, inorganic materials, polymers, proteins, and nucleic acids), a comprehensive review on the synthesis and properties of the polyphenol-containing nanoparticles is provided. Moreover, the remarkable versatility of polyphenol-containing nanoparticles in different biomedical applications, including biodetection, multimodal bioimaging, protein and gene delivery, bone repair, antibiosis, and cancer theranostics is also demonstrated. Finally, the challenges faced by future research regarding the polyphenol-containing nanoparticles are discussed.

The interaction between nanoparticles and immune system: application in the treatment of inflammatory diseases

“…Metal provides polyvalent complexing, anti-bacteria and tissue repair promoting ability, while polyphenol functions as important antioxidants and anti-inflammation agents. MPN-based NPs have aroused the interest of researchers with their salient characters like structure flexibility, thermal stability and pH responsiveness, and have been developed into multiple NP platforms for the treatment of several diseases [ 161 ]. These examples suggest that future NP strategies will still focus on utilizing biochemical synthesis techniques to add different chemical or biological components to broaden their application range and improve existing structures.…”

Recent Developments of Nanostructures for the Ocular Delivery of Natural Compounds

“…The phenolic hydroxyl group that exists in flavonoids such as ECGC and catechin is used for fabricating many nanoparticles to enhance stability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and safety. Polyphenols show a great tendency to polymers via noncovalent interactions ( Guo et al, 2021 ). The presence of carbonyl and phenolic groups in the structure of natural compounds can induce noncovalent interactions with other compounds such as polymers.…”

Research progress on self-assembled nanodrug delivery systems

“…98,99 Polyphenols with dihydroxyphenyl (catechol) or trihydroxyphenyl (galloyl) structures can coordinate with metal ions to form metal–phenolic networks (MPNs). 100 Adriamycin, cisplatin, peroxidase, and some natural drugs are stably embedded in the MPN skeleton. Many natural polyphenols including epicatechin gallate (ECG), dopamine (DA), catechin, epigallocatechin (EGC), gallic acid (GA), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), pyrogallol (PG), and tannic acid (TA) are used to construct MPNs for cancer treatment.…”