Polyomavirus microRNA in saliva reveals persistent infectious status in the oral cavity

Martelli, Francesco; Mencarini, Jessica; Rocca, Arianna; Malva, Nunzia Della; Bartolozzi, Dario; Giannecchini, Simone

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.002

Cited by 19 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…52 Additionally, in this context, since microRNAs associated with extracellular vesicles are known to be protected from enzymatic degradation, several studies have been focused on the investigation of the expression of microRNAs in extracellular vesicles obtained from saliva as potential biomarkers. Thus, the fact that microRNA present in biological fluid can reproduce the molecular event within the cellular context, make them a potential exhaustive marker to check the cell-infection status; this is especially important in a low replicative condition in which virus cannot be present in biological fluid, 15 and provides an opportunity to assess virus pathological effect-associated diseases as in COVID-19.…”

Section: Saliva Biomarkers-perspectives For Covid-19 Diagnosis and Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 salivary signature: diagnostic and research opportunities

et al. 2020

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The COVID-19 (caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) epidemic started in Wuhan (Hubei Province, China) in mid-December 2019 and quickly spread across the world as a pandemic. As a key to tracing the disease and to implement strategies aimed at breaking the chain of disease transmission, extensive testing for SARS-CoV-2 was suggested. Although nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs are the most commonly used biological samples for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, they have a number of limitations related to sample collection and healthcare personnel safety. In this context, saliva is emerging as a promising alternative to nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnosis and monitoring. Saliva collection, being a non-invasive approach with possibility for self-collection, circumvents to a great extent the limitations associated with the use of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs. In addition, various salivary biomarkers including the salivary metabolomics offer a high promise to be useful for better understanding of COVID-19 and possibly in the identification of patients with various degrees of severity, including asymptomatic carriers. This review summarises the clinical and scientific basis for the potential use of saliva for COVID-19 diagnosis and disease monitoring. Additionally, we discuss saliva-based biomarkers and their potential clinical and research applications related to COVID-19.

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Section: Saliva Biomarkers-perspectives For Covid-19 Diagnosis and Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 salivary signature: diagnostic and research opportunities

et al. 2020

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“…However, although direct correlation between EV PyV miRNA and PyV pathology was suggested in the latter study, the indirect correlation between PyV miRNA and viral load in the other study highlights the potential clinical relevance of PyV miRNAs in the risk assessment of PyV diseases [102][103][104]. Additional studies using the same technology, i.e., methods involving the extraction of EVs from biological fluid, have reported the presence of the PyVs BKyV, JCPyV, MCPyV, and SV40 in samples obtained from EVs derived from the saliva samples of HIV patients and healthy subjects ( Table 2; [106]. In particular, PyV miRNA in EVs was found in 15-61% and 14-70% of saliva samples from HIV patients and healthy subjects, respectively, and both groups of subjects showed high levels of BKPyV miRNA [106].…”

Section: Polyomavirus Association With Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In particular, PyV miRNA in EVs was found in 15-61% and 14-70% of saliva samples from HIV patients and healthy subjects, respectively, and both groups of subjects showed high levels of BKPyV miRNA [106]. In this context, the prevalence of PyV miRNA in saliva was higher than that in paired plasma samples [106]. Thus, it was suggested that PyV miRNAs delivered in saliva can be a marker of PyV persistence in the oral cavity [106].…”

Section: Polyomavirus Association With Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Additional studies using the same technology, i.e., methods involving the extraction of EVs from biological fluid, have reported the presence of the PyVs BKyV, JCPyV, MCPyV, and SV40 in samples obtained from EVs derived from the saliva samples of HIV patients and healthy subjects ( Table 2; [106]. In particular, PyV miRNA in EVs was found in 15-61% and 14-70% of saliva samples from HIV patients and healthy subjects, respectively, and both groups of subjects showed high levels of BKPyV miRNA [106]. In this context, the prevalence of PyV miRNA in saliva was higher than that in paired plasma samples [106].…”

Section: Polyomavirus Association With Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, the prevalence of PyV miRNA in saliva was higher than that in paired plasma samples [106]. Thus, it was suggested that PyV miRNAs delivered in saliva can be a marker of PyV persistence in the oral cavity [106]. With increasing evidence of the association of PyV miRNA expression in EVs delivered in biological fluid, the finding that EVs can deliver whole PyV particles also emerged ( Table 2, [107][108][109][110].…”

Section: Polyomavirus Association With Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection

Giannecchini

2020

Viruses

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Increasing evidence suggests that human viruses can hijack extracellular vesicles (EVs) to deliver proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and whole viral particles during viral persistence in the host. Human polyomavirus (PyV) miRNAs, which downregulate large T-antigen expression and target host factors, help the virus escape immune elimination and may have roles in the success of viral persistence/replication and the development of diseases. In this context, several investigations have detected PyV miRNAs in EVs obtained from cell culture supernatants after viral infection, demonstrating the ability of these vesicles to deliver miRNAs to uninfected cells, potentially counteracting new viral infection. Additionally, PyV miRNAs have been identified in EVs derived from the biological fluids of clinical samples obtained from patients with or at risk of severe PyV-associated diseases and from asymptomatic control healthy subjects. Interestingly, PyV miRNAs were found to be circulating in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva samples from patients despite their PyV DNA status. Recently, the association between EVs and PyV viral particles was reported, demonstrating the ability of PyV viral particles to enter the cell without natural receptor-mediated entry and evade antibody-mediated neutralization or to be neutralized at a step different from that of the neutralization of naked whole viral particles. All these data point toward a potential role of the association between PyVs with EVs in viral persistence, suggesting that further work to define the implication of this interaction in viral reactivation is warranted.

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Biomarker based biosensors: An opportunity for diagnosis of COVID‐19

Khaksarinejad

Arabpour

Rezakhani

et al. 2022

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Early diagnosis and treatment of diseases are crucial research areas of human health. For early diagnosis, one method that has proven efficient is the detection of biomarkers which can provide real‐time and accurate biological information. Most biomarker detection is currently carried out at localised dedicated laboratories using large and automated analysers, increasing waiting time and costs. Smaller, faster, and cheaper devices could potentially replace these time‐consuming laboratory analyses and make analytical results available as point‐of‐care diagnostics. Innovative biosensor‐based strategies could allow biomarkers to be tested reliably in a decentralised setting. Early diagnosis of COVID‐19 patients has a key role in order to use quarantine and treatment strategies in a timely manner. Raised levels of several biomarkers in COVID‐19 patients are associated with respiratory infections or dysfunction of various organs. Through clinical studies of COVID‐19 patient biomarkers such as ferritin, Interleukins, albumin and …are found to reveals significant differences in their excretion ranges from healthy patients and patients with SARS‐CoV‐2, in addition to the development of biomarkers based biosensor such as stated biomarkers can be used and to investigate more specific biomarkers further proteomic analysis can be performed. This review presents several biomarker alterations in COVID‐19 patients such as salivary, circulatory, coagulation, cardiovascular, renal, liver, C‐reactive protein (CRP), immunological and inflammatory biomarkers. Also, biomarker sensors based on electrochemical, optical, and lateral flow characteristics which have potential applications for SARS‐COV‐2 in the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, will be discussed.

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Polyomavirus microRNA in saliva reveals persistent infectious status in the oral cavity

Cited by 19 publications

References 44 publications

COVID-19 salivary signature: diagnostic and research opportunities

COVID-19 salivary signature: diagnostic and research opportunities

Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection

Biomarker based biosensors: An opportunity for diagnosis of COVID‐19

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