Polynomial Multiple Regression Analysis of the Lubrication Effectiveness of Deep Drawing Quality Steel Sheets by Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oils

Trzepieciński, Tomasz

doi:10.3390/ma15031151

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…They have a greater tendency to flow out of the frictional pair, which requires more frequent application and the introduction of thickening agents. Recently, scientists have evaluated technological lubricants in terms of their positive effect on sheet drawability, while also taking into account their impact on the environment [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. According to [ 9 ], the problem is that, unlike machine lubrication, where the lubricant works in a closed circuit, metal forming involves a so-called open friction node, which results in a much higher consumption of technological lubricant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Technological Lubricants with the Addition of Boric Acid in Sheet Metal Forming

2023

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One of the main problems during sheet metal forming is the reduction in coefficient of friction and separation of contact surfaces in order to eliminate buildups of the formed material on the forming tools. For this purpose, technological lubricants based on mineral or synthetic oils are usually used. Unfortunately, their removal from the drawn parts and their subsequent utilization pose many problems and are expensive. Environmentally benign lubricants based on vegetable oils with the addition of boric acid could be an effective alternative to lubricants based on mineral and synthetic oils; however, the solubility of boric acid in oils is limited. Therefore, the paper proposes new, effective, and environmentally friendly methods for applying boric acid to the metal sheet by spraying it on a thin rapeseed oil layer previously applied to the metal sheet or by spraying a 25% solution of boric acid in methyl alcohol onto the sheet. The effectiveness of such lubrication was assessed on the basis of the so-called strip drawing test, Erichsen cupping test, and formation of cylindrical drawn parts in industrial conditions. The tests showed that the addition of boric acid was most effective for forming the DC01 steel sheet, reducing the coefficient of friction by about 60% compared to base oil lubrication. Although its usefulness is lower in the case of other frictional pairs, it eliminates the phenomenon of the formed material sticking to the tool, thus extending the life of the forming tools. The use of the proposed solution reduces production costs and indirectly boosts environmental protection. Moreover, an explanation of the tribological mechanism contributing to the lubrication action of boric acid is given.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Technological Lubricants with the Addition of Boric Acid in Sheet Metal Forming

2023

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“…Recently, Trzepiecinski and Lemu [4] presented a review of the methods used to describe friction conditions in conventional SMF developments over the years. According to the authors, several friction tests have been used to simulate the friction phenomena in specific regions of SMF processes, for example, the strip-tension test (STT; sliding of the strip in the region of the punch radius) [8], bending under tension test (BUT) (sliding of the strip in the region of the die radius) [15], draw-bead test (DBT) [16,17], and strip drawing test (SDT) [14]. Bay et al [18] divided friction tests used in SMF processes with respect to the sliding length, surface expansion, and normal pressure value into three groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Different Contact Conditions on Friction Properties of AISI 430 Steel Sheet with Deep Drawing Quality

et al. 2023

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This article aims to investigate the influence of different contact conditions on the friction properties of an Nb-stabilized AISI 430 ferritic stainless-steel sheet with deep drawing quality. Three tribological tests were performed: pin-on-disk, bending under tension, and strip-tension test. Moreover, counter samples of a hard metal (WC-12%Co) with surface finishes of 0.27 and 0.54 µm were used in the friction tests under dry and lubricated conditions. The influence of the texture and relative elongation of the strip on formability also were investigated. A comparative analysis of the results revealed that the coefficients of friction, wear, lubricant efficiency, and hardness measured below the wear surface indicated a strong dependence on surface roughness and the friction test type. The coefficients of friction obtained from the pin-on-disk test were higher than those obtained from the formability tests. In addition, the coefficient of friction increased with increasing relative elongation during the formability tests; it was higher in the bending-under-tension test than in the strip-tension test, mainly owing to the increasing strip surface roughness. The contact pressure during the formability tests was non-uniform during strip sliding under the tool. According to our results, for each friction condition in a specific area of the forming die, there is a value of the coefficient of friction, depending on the kinematic conditions. Therefore, the results can be used as input data to define design guidelines, improve productivity, and improve product quality from this steel sheet.

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“…The most effective way to reduce the unfavourable effects of the frictional forces on the quality of the product and the course of the forming process is the use of lubrication with the use of solid lubricants, oils or emulsions [17]. A number of tribological tests have been developed to model the friction phenomena in specific areas of the forming die, i.e., strip drawing test [18,19], bending under tension tests [20,21] and drawbead simulator tests [12]. The change in the friction conditions in the drawbead simulator test analysed in this paper was obtained by changing the contact angle of the counter-sample [22,23], the shape and dimensions of the thrust threshold model [24,25], the lubrication conditions (dry friction or lubrication) [22,24,26] and the speed of sheet metal drawing [24,26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Artificial Neural Networks to the Analysis of Friction Behaviour in a Drawbead Profile in Sheet Metal Forming

Trzepieciński

Najm

2022

Materials

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Drawbeads are used when forming drawpieces with complex shapes to equalise the flow resistance of a material around the perimeter of the drawpiece or to change the state of stress in certain regions of the drawpiece. This article presents a special drawbead simulator for determining the value of the coefficient of friction on the drawbead. The aim of this paper is the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to understand the effect of the most important parameters of the friction process (sample orientation in relation to the rolling direction of the steel sheets, surface roughness of the counter-samples and lubrication conditions) on the coefficient of friction. The intention was to build a database for training ANNs. The friction coefficient was determined for low-carbon steel sheets with various drawability indices: drawing quality DQ, deep-drawing quality DDQ and extra deep-drawing quality EDDQ. Equivalents of the sheets tested in EN standards are DC01 (DQ), DC03 (DDQ) and DC04 (EDDQ). The tests were carried out under the conditions of dry friction and the sheet surface was lubricated with machine oil LAN46 and hydraulic oil LHL32, commonly used in sheet metal forming. Moreover, various specimen orientations (0° and 90°) in relation to the rolling direction of the steel sheets were investigated. Moreover, a wide range of surface roughness values of the counter-samples (Ra = 0.32 μm, 0.63 μm, 1.25 μm and 2.5 μm) were also considered. In general, the value of the coefficient of friction increased with increasing surface roughness of the counter-samples. In the case of LAN46 machine oil, the effectiveness of lubrication decreased with increasing mean roughness of the counter-samples Ra = 0.32–1.25 μm. With increasing drawing quality of the sheet metal, the effectiveness of lubrication increased, but only in the range of surface roughness of the counter-samples in which Ra = 0.32–1.25 μm. This study investigated different transfer functions and training algorithms to develop the best artificial neural network structure. Backpropagation in an MLP structure was used to build the structure. In addition, the COF was calculated using a parameter-based analytical equation. Garson partitioning weight was used to calculate the relative importance (RI) effect on coefficient of friction. The Bayesian regularization backpropagation (BRB)—Trainbr training algorithm, together with the radial basis normalized—Radbasn transfer function, scored best in predicting the coefficient of friction with R2 values between 0.9318 and 0.9180 for the training and testing datasets, respectively.

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Polynomial Multiple Regression Analysis of the Lubrication Effectiveness of Deep Drawing Quality Steel Sheets by Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oils

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Technological Lubricants with the Addition of Boric Acid in Sheet Metal Forming

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Technological Lubricants with the Addition of Boric Acid in Sheet Metal Forming

Influence of Different Contact Conditions on Friction Properties of AISI 430 Steel Sheet with Deep Drawing Quality

Application of Artificial Neural Networks to the Analysis of Friction Behaviour in a Drawbead Profile in Sheet Metal Forming

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