Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Tumors: Friend or Foe?

relationship between cellular mediators (IL-1β, IFN–γ, MMP-9) in Iraqi women with breast cancer

“…These results were supported by the study by Ebbing et al, (2019), in which the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, Il-6, and IL-1Β that is a prognostic markers for breast cancer progression (Templeton et al, 2015) as they stimulate angiogenesis that aids its growth, these cytokines are produced by tumor cells and stromal cells in many cancers that lead to the development of drug resistance and metastasis (Hernandez-Vargas et al, 2020), this explains the reason for the high level of IL-1Β in patients with breast cancer, and the high level at the age of ≥50, post-menopause, is due to run away adipokines, cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and chemokines such as IL-8 and MCP-1 is from adipose tissue and this has a role in cancer development (Lee et al, 2007), adipose tissue also increases the level of estrogen induced by aromatase activity (Awatef et al, 2011). Studies have shown that the risk of developing breast cancer increases by 40% for every 10 increase in body mass post-menopause that fibroblasts in old age acquire "Secretory phenotype associated with aging" (SASP), which causes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β), chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, GRO-1/α), MMPs, integrins, and adhesion molecules (Szulc-Kielbik and Klink, 2022). The results of Table (2) showed that there were no significant differences in the expression of IL-1β at different levels of Grads, and the results showed that the expression was increased with the highest grades and that the highest expression was recorded in grade III, the result was (2218.337± 14.000, 12134.45± 1662.146, 22391.55± 2.996) in grade I, II, III respectively under the probability level (p≤ 0.05).…”

Intratumoral pro-oxidants promote cancer immunotherapy by recruiting and reprogramming neutrophils to eliminate tumors

“…Studies of other animal or human cancers have identified a neutrophil plasticity with clear TAN subtypes that exist. These findings allow for a better understanding of the situation and influence that the TAN subtypes can have on the anticancer versus pro-tumor protective aspects (reviewed in [19,20,43]). Several more recent reports have compared differences between these TAN subtypes, facilitating their identification and highlighting their importance to cancer [2,[44][45][46][47].…”

“…The majority of these related to general mechanisms involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils or their mechanisms of cytotoxic activation and killing of cancer cells or roles in extravasation and metastasis, which is not the main focus of this review. Several reviews on the dual role of neutrophils in cancer metastasis, effects on NETosis and extravasation and interactions with other immune cell types have recently been published [ 19 , 20 ], and these provide more detailed and extensive coverage of neutrophil function. Rather, the focus here is on the intratumoral administering of small molecule pro-oxidant agents to promote tumor-associated neutrophils (TANS) as an anticancer immunotherapy.…”

“…However, it is clear that by using appropriate factors it is possible to enhance and promote beneficial neutrophil recruitment and activation such as IL-17 [ 31 ], bacterial-based products [ 32 , 33 ] or poly I:C double-stranded RNA [ 34 ], and these neutrophils provide potent anti-tumor immunity involving greater ROS production as detailed in the following sections. Several recent reviews have been published on the dual role of neutrophils in cancer [ 19 , 20 ] and the dual roles of ROS in tumor development and progression [ 35 ]. However, none of these concerned the use of small molecule pro-oxidant drugs as agents with significant implications for promoting cancer immunotherapy by elevating intratumoral H2O2, recruiting and reprogramming neutrophils to eliminate tumors.…”

Neutrophils in HNSCC Can Be Associated with Both a Worse or Favorable Prognosis

“…Tumor-associated neutrophils can regulate innate and adaptive immunity and play an important role in mediating T cell-independent antibody responses, as well as antigen presentation and T cell activation [18,19]. The concept of neutrophil polarization into N1 and N2 phenotypes is supported by several studies [20]. However, it is important to note that there are currently no validated surface markers for phenotypic identification of N1 and N2 neutrophils in histologic tissues [21].…”