Polymerization on heating up of bio‐oil: A model compound study

Abstract

in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).Understanding of the condensation reactions in bio-oil is the key for efficient conversion into transportation fuel or valueadded chemicals. In this study, the roles of the typical compounds representing the sugars, sugar derivatives, and aromatics found in bio-oil were investigated for their contribution to condensation reactions. Glucose played a key role for the polymer formation due to its decomposition to reactive compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups or conjugated bonds. The sugar derivatives, including furfural, hydroxyl aldehyde and hydroxyl acetone, were also found to be reactive toward polymerization. The carboxylic acids were shown to be the catalysts for polymerization and formic acid was much more efficient to catalyze polymerization than acetic acid. The phenolic compounds also promoted the acidcatalyzed reactions. Vanillin contains reactive a carbonyl group, leading to its high tendency toward polymerization. In methanol, various kinds of methanolysis reactions dominated, which significantly suppressed the decomposition of glucose and the polymerization of other compounds. V V C 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 888-900, 2013Experimental conditions: Reactants (Without the acids and the phenolics): levoglucosan, hydroxyl aldehyde, hydroxyl acetone, cyclopentanone, furan, furfural, and water. Others were same to that in Run 1. d Experimental conditions: Reaction medium: methanol; Catalyst: Amberlyst 70 (3 wt %); the reactants were all the compounds listed in Table 1 plus methanol. Other reaction conditions were same as that in Run 1.

Upgrading of bio-oil to boiler fuel by catalytic hydrotreatment and esterification in an efficient process

“…S BET (m 2 g À1 ) V P (cm 3 g À1 ) dp (nm) D NiO (nm) derived oligomers [22]. And the formed polymer is the precursor of coke.…”

“…It is worth noting that the cokes were also detected during the upgrading process without any catalyst. The carboxylic acids contained in the bio-oil were regarded as the main reason which can catalyze the reaction of polymerization [22]. For the sake of discussion, the major volatile components of the bio-oil were classified into acids, esters, ketones, phenolics, aldehydes and alcohols as provided in Table 2.…”

On the influence of Si:Al ratio and hierarchical porosity of FAU zeolites in solid acid catalysed esterification pretreatment of bio-oil

“…Acid conversion increased with Si:Al ratio and upon the introduction of hierarchical porosity, mirroring the observations from acetic acid esterification with model alcohols, albeit with lower conversions than observed for the simulated bio-oil, likely as a result of the water content of the pyrolysis oil (which may reversibly poison the acid sites) or presence of bulky organic components (e.g. oligomers/polymers) which may induce pore blockage [60].…”

Cure Kinetics, Bonding Performance, Thermal Degradation, and Biocidal Studies of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

“…It is generally believed that lower activation energy is needed for high Mw resins to cure (Park et al 1998;Anwar et al 2009;Wahab et al 2012), meaning thereby that high Mw resins would cure at low temperatures. The initial decrease in curing temperature and the E may be also be attributed to promotional catalytic effect of lingo-cellulosic derivatives present in the bio-oil on the cure reaction, as reported by some other studies (Vázquez et al 2002;Turunen et al 2003;Khan et al 2004;Lei and Wu 2006;Wang et al 2009a;Hu et al 2013). The role of bio-oil as an efficient crosslinking agent due to presence of multiple reactive sites (Hu et al 2013) may also be taken as a reason for such decrease in Tp and E of the curing reaction.…”