Polymerization of aniline and alkyl ring-substituted anilines in the presence of aromatic additives

Wei, Yen; Jang, Guang Way; Chan, Chi Cheung; Hsueh, Kesyin F.; Hariharan, Ramakrishnan; Patel, Sandeep; Whitecar, Charles K.

doi:10.1021/j100382a073

Cited by 167 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…The peak anodic/ cathodic currents for the two transitions differ, indicating different kinetics for each restructuring of the polymer. The increase of current at very positive potentials (> 0.700 V) is attributed to oxidative degradation of the polymer, as reported in other works [26,27]. Additional results to confirm the onset potential of oxidative degradation are presented in the Supporting Information.…”

Section: Electrochemical Characterization Of Pani and Selection Of Rsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In practice, the concentration of active species is limited from 1 to 3 M, yielding achievable energy density of approximately [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Wh/L of electrolyte [6][7][8][9][10]. Recently, Mn(VII/VI) was proposed as a high energy density positive electrolyte in alkaline media with the solubility of 4 M [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redox Solid Energy Boosters for Flow Batteries: Polyaniline as a Case Study

Zanzola

Dennison

Battistel

et al. 2017

Electrochimica Acta

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Keywords:redox flow battery redox targeting redox mediator solid charge storage materials polyaniline A B S T R A C TIn this work, the viability of polyaniline as a solid charge storage material in an aqueous redox-mediated flow battery is investigated. Fe(III/II) and V(IV/III) were identified as potential redox mediators to target the emeraldine-pernigraniline and leucoemeraldine-emeraldine redox transitions of the polymer. An indirect chemical cycling method was developed and used to investigate the charging/discharging of the polymer by the selected redox mediators. With Fe(III/II) as a redox mediator, respectable specific capacity and cycling stability were demonstrated over 25 cycles. V(IV/III) was deemed unsuitable as a redox mediator, due to rather poor kinetics. When added to the electrolyte tanks of a complete flow battery, a conductive composite of polyaniline and carbon black provided a significant improvement in capacity, exhibiting a specific capacity of 64.8 mA h g À1 at a current density of 38.5 mA cm À2. This represents a three-fold improvement in volumetric capacity, compared with the electrolyte alone. Moreover, the addition of the polyaniline composite was observed to lower the average potential at the positive electrode, providing a considerable improvement in voltage efficiency. This work demonstrates the potential of utilizing redox mediators to enable bulk solid-phase charge storage in the tanks of aqueous redox flow batteries.

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Section: Electrochemical Characterization Of Pani and Selection Of Rsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox Solid Energy Boosters for Flow Batteries: Polyaniline as a Case Study

Zanzola

Dennison

Battistel

et al. 2017

Electrochimica Acta

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“…In the p-TSA doped polyaniline nanofiber film, the oxidation processes show an increase in current for the first oxidation peak, possibly because of traces of the chemical initiator employed in the synthesis of these nanofibers. An aromatic additive such as N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine leads to a fast rate of increase in the first oxidation peak during a potential sweep (48). These cyclic voltammograms indicate that the polyaniline nanofibers as synthesized are in an emeraldine oxidation state (10,49).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Versatile solution for growing thin films of conducting polymers

D’Arcy

Tran²,

Tung³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The method employed for depositing nanostructures of conducting polymers dictates potential uses in a variety of applications such as organic solar cells, light-emitting diodes, electrochromics, and sensors. A simple and scalable film fabrication technique that allows reproducible control of thickness, and morphological homogeneity at the nanoscale, is an attractive option for industrial applications. Here we demonstrate that under the proper conditions of volume, doping, and polymer concentration, films consisting of monolayers of conducting polymer nanofibers such as polyaniline, polythiophene, and poly(3-hexylthiophene) can be produced in a matter of seconds. A thermodynamically driven solution-based process leads to the growth of transparent thin films of interfacially adsorbed nanofibers. High quality transparent thin films are deposited at ambient conditions on virtually any substrate. This inexpensive process uses solutions that are recyclable and affords a new technique in the field of conducting polymers for coating large substrate areas.Marangoni | surface tension | thin film technology | organic electronics C onducting polymers hold promise as flexible, inexpensive materials for use in electronic applications including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and chemiresistor-type sensors (1-3). Whereas traditional nonconjugated polymers are often solutionprocessable, many organic conducting polymers have been notoriously difficult to process into films. Thin films of conducting polymers offer a large ratio of charge carriers to volume of active layer (4) and can achieve high field-effect mobilities as a result of low-dimensional transport (5). Therefore a simple, scalable, cost-effective deposition technique for conducting polymers that produces a uniform thin film morphology reproducibly is needed.Film-forming methods for conducting polymers on the basis of solution processing, electrochemistry, and thermal annealing have been reported in the literature but suffer from a variety of problems. The conducting polymers polyaniline (PANi), polythiophene, and their derivatives such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are commonly processed into nanoscale thin films via spin coating (1, 5-7) for applications in organic photovoltaics, thin film transistors, and electrochromic devices (8-12). However, spin coating is a technique that suffers from a low material utilization yield and is therefore not cost-effective (11), a fact that hinders its potential for scale-up. Another well known deposition strategy is the electrochemical growth of conducting polymer thin films via galvanostatic, potentiostatic, or voltammetric routes (9,(13)(14)(15)). An inherent limitation of using electricity for thin film deposition is the dual role played by the electrode/substrate, which excludes the possibility of film deposition on a nonconducting substrate. This problem also applies to electrospraying because it requires a high voltage across electrodes (11). Other solution-based methods also present challenges; for example, the Lang...

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“…The formation of p-phenyl-l,4-phenylenediamine during the synthesis of aniline was proved earlier and it was found that the low fixed concentration of dimer during the synthesis remains constant in the abundance of aniline at the reaction medium [ 7]. In truth the method used by the authors shows the total concentration of the synthesized and reduced form of the dimer in the process of the synthesis, which is practically 2 degrees lower than the concentration of the monomer.…”

Section: Technical Approachmentioning

confidence: 82%

Synthesis of New Organic Semiconducting Polymer Materials Having High Radiowave Absorption Rate

Matnishyan¹

2008

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Polymerization of aniline and alkyl ring-substituted anilines in the presence of aromatic additives

Cited by 167 publications

References 0 publications

Redox Solid Energy Boosters for Flow Batteries: Polyaniline as a Case Study

Redox Solid Energy Boosters for Flow Batteries: Polyaniline as a Case Study

Versatile solution for growing thin films of conducting polymers

Synthesis of New Organic Semiconducting Polymer Materials Having High Radiowave Absorption Rate

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